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Res Anim Prod 2024, 15(1): 1-12 |
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Sajjadi S, Toghdory A, Ghoorchi T, Asadi M. (2024). The Effect of Replacing Soybean Meal with Poultry Slaughter Residue Powder on Feed Intake and Rumen Parameters of Dalagh Dairy Ewes. Res Anim Prod. 15(1), 1-12. doi:10.61186/rap.15.43.1
URL: http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-1375-en.html
URL: http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-1375-en.html
1- Department of Animal and Poultry Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
Abstract: (1652 Views)
Extended Abstract
Background: In today's society, where food prices are rising, it is crucial to utilize agricultural by-products, industrial waste, and by-products from slaughterhouses and dairy industries in animal husbandry. One such by-product is poultry slaughterhouse waste powder, obtained during the production and processing of chicken meat. Successfully replacing these wastes with protein sources, such as soybean meal—which is primarily imported—while maintaining a proper balance between non-degradable and degradable proteins in the rumen, can reduce feed costs, improve the economic status of livestock production, and help prevent environmental pollution. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the effect of replacing poultry slaughterhouse residue powder with soybean meal on feed consumption and ruminal parameters in Dalagh dairy ewes.
Methods: In this experiment, 20 Dalagh ewes, each with three pregnancies and an average weight of 36 ± 3.7 kg, were used in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments and five replications. The treatments included: control (diet without poultry slaughterhouse residue powder), second treatment (33% replacement), third treatment (66% replacement), and fourth treatment (100% replacement of soybean meal with poultry slaughterhouse residue powder). After ensuring their health, the ewes were kept in individual cages for 42 days. Weekly weights were recorded, and daily feed intake was logged to calculate dry matter consumption. Rumen fluid sampling occurred on the 42nd day of the experiment. Samples were taken in the morning before feeding (zero hour) and at three and six hours post-feeding using an esophageal tube. The pH of the rumen fluids was measured immediately after extraction with a calibrated mobile digital pH meter. To measure ammonia nitrogen in rumen fluid, samples were taken three hours after morning feeding. After measuring pH, the rumen fluid was filtered through a four-layer cloth, and the resulting liquid was diluted with 0.2 normal hydrochloric acid at a ratio of 5:1 (five parts sap to one part 0.2 N HCl) and stored at -20°C until analysis. The method of Broderick and Kang (1980) was used to determine rumen ammonia nitrogen using a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 630 nm. Rumen fluid was also sampled to measure protozoan populations on the last day. Protozoa were counted using the method of Dehority and Males (1984). After straining the rumen liquid, 4 ml was placed in a test tube wrapped in foil, followed by the addition of 1 ml of formalin, five drops of methylene blue dye (2 grams of methylene blue dissolved in 100 ml distilled water), and 3 ml of glycerol. Protozoa counting was performed with a stereomicroscope using a 40X magnification lens and a neobar slide. Counting was repeated if there was a significant discrepancy among counts. The number of protozoa per millimeter of rumen fluid was calculated. For measuring volatile fatty acids (VFAs), 5 ml of rumen fluid was prepared, and 1 ml of 25% metaphosphoric acid was added, then stored at -20°C until analysis. Volatile fatty acids were determined using gas chromatography. Rumen enzymes were extracted according to Hristov et al. (2001). The examined enzymes in the rumen sap were divided into solid, extracellular, and intracellular components. The sap (about 50 ml) was filtered through a double layer of cloth; the residue on the cloth was considered the solid part. The leachate was centrifuged at 450g for 5 minutes at 37°C to separate protozoan and bacterial parts. Finally, the results were analyzed using the GLM procedure of the SAS statistical program.
Results: The amount of dry matter intake (DMI), final weight of the ewes, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not significantly affected by the experimental treatments. No significant differences were observed among treatments regarding pH and protozoa populations at three fasting times or three and six hours after feeding. However, rumen NH3-N concentration was influenced by the experimental treatments; as the amount of poultry slaughterhouse residue powder in the diet increased, the NH3-N concentration also increased, with the highest concentration observed in the 100% replacement treatment (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the concentrations of acetate, propionate, butyrate, isovalerate, valerate, or the acetate-to-propionate ratio in the rumen. However, the total concentration of VFAs in the rumen was affected by the experimental treatments, increasing with the amount of poultry slaughterhouse residue powder in the diet (P < 0.05). No significant differences were noted in the activity levels of hydrolytic enzymes carboxymethylcellulase and microcrystalline cellulase (avicellase) among the experimental treatments.
Conclusion: Overall, the results of this experiment indicate that poultry slaughterhouse residue powder can completely replace soybean meal without negatively affecting feed intake or rumen health.
Background: In today's society, where food prices are rising, it is crucial to utilize agricultural by-products, industrial waste, and by-products from slaughterhouses and dairy industries in animal husbandry. One such by-product is poultry slaughterhouse waste powder, obtained during the production and processing of chicken meat. Successfully replacing these wastes with protein sources, such as soybean meal—which is primarily imported—while maintaining a proper balance between non-degradable and degradable proteins in the rumen, can reduce feed costs, improve the economic status of livestock production, and help prevent environmental pollution. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the effect of replacing poultry slaughterhouse residue powder with soybean meal on feed consumption and ruminal parameters in Dalagh dairy ewes.
Methods: In this experiment, 20 Dalagh ewes, each with three pregnancies and an average weight of 36 ± 3.7 kg, were used in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments and five replications. The treatments included: control (diet without poultry slaughterhouse residue powder), second treatment (33% replacement), third treatment (66% replacement), and fourth treatment (100% replacement of soybean meal with poultry slaughterhouse residue powder). After ensuring their health, the ewes were kept in individual cages for 42 days. Weekly weights were recorded, and daily feed intake was logged to calculate dry matter consumption. Rumen fluid sampling occurred on the 42nd day of the experiment. Samples were taken in the morning before feeding (zero hour) and at three and six hours post-feeding using an esophageal tube. The pH of the rumen fluids was measured immediately after extraction with a calibrated mobile digital pH meter. To measure ammonia nitrogen in rumen fluid, samples were taken three hours after morning feeding. After measuring pH, the rumen fluid was filtered through a four-layer cloth, and the resulting liquid was diluted with 0.2 normal hydrochloric acid at a ratio of 5:1 (five parts sap to one part 0.2 N HCl) and stored at -20°C until analysis. The method of Broderick and Kang (1980) was used to determine rumen ammonia nitrogen using a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 630 nm. Rumen fluid was also sampled to measure protozoan populations on the last day. Protozoa were counted using the method of Dehority and Males (1984). After straining the rumen liquid, 4 ml was placed in a test tube wrapped in foil, followed by the addition of 1 ml of formalin, five drops of methylene blue dye (2 grams of methylene blue dissolved in 100 ml distilled water), and 3 ml of glycerol. Protozoa counting was performed with a stereomicroscope using a 40X magnification lens and a neobar slide. Counting was repeated if there was a significant discrepancy among counts. The number of protozoa per millimeter of rumen fluid was calculated. For measuring volatile fatty acids (VFAs), 5 ml of rumen fluid was prepared, and 1 ml of 25% metaphosphoric acid was added, then stored at -20°C until analysis. Volatile fatty acids were determined using gas chromatography. Rumen enzymes were extracted according to Hristov et al. (2001). The examined enzymes in the rumen sap were divided into solid, extracellular, and intracellular components. The sap (about 50 ml) was filtered through a double layer of cloth; the residue on the cloth was considered the solid part. The leachate was centrifuged at 450g for 5 minutes at 37°C to separate protozoan and bacterial parts. Finally, the results were analyzed using the GLM procedure of the SAS statistical program.
Results: The amount of dry matter intake (DMI), final weight of the ewes, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not significantly affected by the experimental treatments. No significant differences were observed among treatments regarding pH and protozoa populations at three fasting times or three and six hours after feeding. However, rumen NH3-N concentration was influenced by the experimental treatments; as the amount of poultry slaughterhouse residue powder in the diet increased, the NH3-N concentration also increased, with the highest concentration observed in the 100% replacement treatment (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the concentrations of acetate, propionate, butyrate, isovalerate, valerate, or the acetate-to-propionate ratio in the rumen. However, the total concentration of VFAs in the rumen was affected by the experimental treatments, increasing with the amount of poultry slaughterhouse residue powder in the diet (P < 0.05). No significant differences were noted in the activity levels of hydrolytic enzymes carboxymethylcellulase and microcrystalline cellulase (avicellase) among the experimental treatments.
Conclusion: Overall, the results of this experiment indicate that poultry slaughterhouse residue powder can completely replace soybean meal without negatively affecting feed intake or rumen health.
Keywords: Activity of Hydrolytic Enzymes, Dalagh Ewes, Poultry Slaughterhouse Residue Powder, Soybean Meal, Volatile Fatty Acids
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