Volume 15, Issue 4 (12-2024)
Res Anim Prod 2024, 15(4): 48-56 |
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Mohtashami B, Khalilvandi‑Behroozyar H, Mansourikhah H. (2024). The Effects of Different Levels of Garlicon-Essential Oil on Feed Intake, Body Weight, and Health Scores of Holstein Dairy Calves. Res Anim Prod. 15(4), 48-56. doi:10.61186/rap.15.4.48
URL: http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-1423-en.html
URL: http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-1423-en.html
1- Department of Animal Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
2- Department of Animal Sciences, Varamin Azad University, Varamin, Iran
2- Department of Animal Sciences, Varamin Azad University, Varamin, Iran
Abstract: (926 Views)
Extended Abstract
Background: The pre-weaning period is extremely important for dairy calves due to the close relationship between growth and health during the early stages of life and forthcoming performance as a cow. Nutritional management during the pre-weaning period can have short-term effects on health, mortality rate, growth efficiency, and farm economics, as well as long-term effects on milk production. Fatty acids in mammals serve more than their role as energy sources. For example, butyrate increases the development of rumen papillae and the development of both villi and pancreas. Recent studies have shown that intensive feeding of young calves in the pre-weaning period has a range of long-term positive effects, including reducing the age of insemination and parturition, increasing body weight at parturition, and improving milk production. Different types of fat supplements with different mixtures of fatty acids have been fed to dairy cows. However, a low fat level (about 3%) is recommended for starters. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different levels of a commercial garlic essential oil (consisting of garlic, onion, and leek essential oils) on the growth performance, health, immunity, and blood and rumen parameters of Holstein’s calves.
Methods: An experiment was conducted with 40 calves with an average birth weight of 39.2 ± 5 kg and an average age of 6 ± 2 days in a completely randomized design with four treatments and 10 replications from 4 to 65 days of age. The treatments included 1) control treatment (without receiving essential oil), 2) treatment with a level of 30 mg of garlic essential oil, 3) treatment with a level of 60 mg of garlic essential oil, and 4) treatment with a level of 90 mg of garlic essential oil. The milk feeding schedule was constant for treatments, and all calves were weaned on day 65 of age. Calves' body weight was measured at the ages of 0, 30, and 65 days after being fed morning milk. To determine blood parameters, such as glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, the ratio of albumin to globulin, and total lipid, blood samples were taken from the jugular vein and through vacuum tubes containing heparin on days 30 and 65 four hours after the morning feeding. To measure the apparent digestibility of nutrients and to determine pathogens, samples were taken from the feces at the age of 0, 35, and 65 days and from the rectum of the calves. The status of feces consistency and the health of calves (ear position, eye, and nose discharge) was examined daily based on the method introduced by the University of Wisconsin. Data were analyzed using R software and the AOV procedure. Means were compared using Duncan's method.
Background: The pre-weaning period is extremely important for dairy calves due to the close relationship between growth and health during the early stages of life and forthcoming performance as a cow. Nutritional management during the pre-weaning period can have short-term effects on health, mortality rate, growth efficiency, and farm economics, as well as long-term effects on milk production. Fatty acids in mammals serve more than their role as energy sources. For example, butyrate increases the development of rumen papillae and the development of both villi and pancreas. Recent studies have shown that intensive feeding of young calves in the pre-weaning period has a range of long-term positive effects, including reducing the age of insemination and parturition, increasing body weight at parturition, and improving milk production. Different types of fat supplements with different mixtures of fatty acids have been fed to dairy cows. However, a low fat level (about 3%) is recommended for starters. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different levels of a commercial garlic essential oil (consisting of garlic, onion, and leek essential oils) on the growth performance, health, immunity, and blood and rumen parameters of Holstein’s calves.
Methods: An experiment was conducted with 40 calves with an average birth weight of 39.2 ± 5 kg and an average age of 6 ± 2 days in a completely randomized design with four treatments and 10 replications from 4 to 65 days of age. The treatments included 1) control treatment (without receiving essential oil), 2) treatment with a level of 30 mg of garlic essential oil, 3) treatment with a level of 60 mg of garlic essential oil, and 4) treatment with a level of 90 mg of garlic essential oil. The milk feeding schedule was constant for treatments, and all calves were weaned on day 65 of age. Calves' body weight was measured at the ages of 0, 30, and 65 days after being fed morning milk. To determine blood parameters, such as glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, the ratio of albumin to globulin, and total lipid, blood samples were taken from the jugular vein and through vacuum tubes containing heparin on days 30 and 65 four hours after the morning feeding. To measure the apparent digestibility of nutrients and to determine pathogens, samples were taken from the feces at the age of 0, 35, and 65 days and from the rectum of the calves. The status of feces consistency and the health of calves (ear position, eye, and nose discharge) was examined daily based on the method introduced by the University of Wisconsin. Data were analyzed using R software and the AOV procedure. Means were compared using Duncan's method.
Conclusion: Calves receiving garlicon essential oil with a level of 90 mg showed better performance in feed consumption than the other treatments. Furthermore, the body weight of control calves was lower than the other treatments, indicating the better performance of calves receiving essential oil. The important point obtained from this research is that the use of essential oil in the investigation of antibacterial properties can indicate the potential power of different medicinal plants, especially garlic.
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