Volume 15, Issue 1 (4-2024)
Res Anim Prod 2024, 15(1): 36-45 |
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Rezai Sarteshnizi F, Moharrery A. (2024). The Effect of Autoclaving Process on Pathogenic Microorganisms, Chemical Compounds, Activity of Various Enzymes and Mineral Concentration of Processed Ruminal Fluid. Res Anim Prod. 15(1), 36-45. doi:10.61186/rap.15.43.33
URL: http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-1377-en.html
URL: http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-1377-en.html
1- Department of Animal Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
Abstract: (883 Views)
Extended Abstract
Background: Every day, a significant amount of rumen fluid is discarded in Iranian slaughterhouses, which contains a wealth of microbial protein, volatile fatty acids (VFAs), enzymes, microorganisms, vitamins, and minerals. However, this fluid also contains high levels of ammonia and phosphorus, and when disposed of in slaughterhouses, its nutrients can leach into the soil and waterways, causing environmental pollution. Therefore, it is crucial to find sustainable ways to utilize rumen fluid. Recycling this waste can primarily reduce environmental pollution and provide a feed source for ruminants. To eliminate pathogenic microorganisms, rumen fluid can be autoclaved and dried to remove moisture. The spray drying method is a simple, fast, and economical technique for converting a liquid solution or suspension (such as an enzyme suspension) into powder. Due to its short drying time and relatively low temperature, spray drying has been successfully used for heat-sensitive materials, as the materials are exposed to high temperatures for only a few seconds. Covering materials, such as carbohydrates, gums, proteins, and chitosan, are essential in this process. Polysaccharides like maltodextrin are excellent choices for carrier materials due to their stability, natural abundance, and low cost, as they protect sensitive compounds from the high temperatures involved in spray drying. Therefore, this research aimed to autoclave rumen fluid to destroy pathogenic microorganisms while assessing the chemical compounds, enzyme activity, and essential and deficient mineral elements in rumen fluid dried using spray drying with 1% maltodextrin.
Methods: Rumen fluid was collected from a slaughterhouse, strained, and then autoclaved at 121°C for 40 minutes. The spray drying method was employed to dry the rumen fluid, utilizing maltodextrin to mitigate the effects of high temperatures. A fresh rumen fluid sample was dried using a spray dryer at an inlet temperature of 168°C, an outlet temperature of 85°C, and an air flow rate of 8 liters per minute. Another sample of rumen fluid was autoclaved at 121°C for 40 minutes and then dried in a spray dryer with an inlet temperature of 172°C, an outlet temperature of 85°C, and an air flow rate of 8 liters per minute. A subsequent sample was dried by adding 1% (weight/volume) maltodextrin, using the same spray dryer conditions. Additionally, a sample of autoclaved rumen fluid was dried with 1% maltodextrin at an inlet temperature of 168°C, an outlet temperature of 79°C, and an air flow rate of 8 liters per minute. Fresh rumen fluid and autoclaved fresh rumen fluid served as negative and positive controls, respectively. The treatments included: 1) Fresh Rumen Fluid, 2) Autoclaved Fresh Rumen Fluid, 3) Fresh Rumen Fluid Dried by Spray Drying, 4) Autoclaved Fresh Rumen Fluid Dried by Spray Drying, 5) Fresh Rumen Fluid Dried by Spray Drying with 1% Maltodextrin, and 6) Autoclaved Fresh Rumen Fluid Dried by Spray Drying with 1% Maltodextrin. Pathogenic microorganisms assessed included Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus, non-aureus staphylococci, Strep agalactiae, and Strep obris. Chemical compounds measured included dry matter percentage, protein, ether extract, and ash content. Enzyme activities measured included carboxymethylcellulase, microcrystalline cellulase (Avislase), alpha-amylase, and filter paper enzyme activity. The concentrations of mineral elements analyzed included calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, silver, boron, barium, beryllium, cobalt, chromium, manganese, lead, strontium, zinc, lithium, iron, copper, aluminum, and silicon.
Results: The results indicated that autoclaving reduced the concentration of pathogenic microorganisms in the rumen fluid to zero. The percentage of dry matter and crude protein was highest in the treatment involving freshly autoclaved rumen fluid dried by spray drying. Dried rumen fluid with 1% maltodextrin exhibited the highest activity of polysaccharide-degrading enzymes compared to fresh rumen fluid. The concentrations of calcium, magnesium, silver, boron, barium, beryllium, cobalt, chromium, manganese, lead, strontium, and zinc were highest in the rumen fluid dried by spray drying (P < 0.01). The concentration of phosphorus was highest in the sample dried with the addition of 1% maltodextrin (P < 0.01). The concentration of lithium was highest in the autoclaved and dried rumen fluid with 1% maltodextrin (P < 0.01). The concentrations of iron, copper, aluminum, and silicon were highest in the autoclaved and dried rumen fluid processed by spray drying. Autoclaving effectively killed pathogenic microorganisms while retaining about 50% of the activity of various enzymes.
Conclusion: Based on the results of this research, it is recommended to autoclave rumen fluid to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms, in conjunction with drying using the spray drying method.
Methods: Rumen fluid was collected from a slaughterhouse, strained, and then autoclaved at 121°C for 40 minutes. The spray drying method was employed to dry the rumen fluid, utilizing maltodextrin to mitigate the effects of high temperatures. A fresh rumen fluid sample was dried using a spray dryer at an inlet temperature of 168°C, an outlet temperature of 85°C, and an air flow rate of 8 liters per minute. Another sample of rumen fluid was autoclaved at 121°C for 40 minutes and then dried in a spray dryer with an inlet temperature of 172°C, an outlet temperature of 85°C, and an air flow rate of 8 liters per minute. A subsequent sample was dried by adding 1% (weight/volume) maltodextrin, using the same spray dryer conditions. Additionally, a sample of autoclaved rumen fluid was dried with 1% maltodextrin at an inlet temperature of 168°C, an outlet temperature of 79°C, and an air flow rate of 8 liters per minute. Fresh rumen fluid and autoclaved fresh rumen fluid served as negative and positive controls, respectively. The treatments included: 1) Fresh Rumen Fluid, 2) Autoclaved Fresh Rumen Fluid, 3) Fresh Rumen Fluid Dried by Spray Drying, 4) Autoclaved Fresh Rumen Fluid Dried by Spray Drying, 5) Fresh Rumen Fluid Dried by Spray Drying with 1% Maltodextrin, and 6) Autoclaved Fresh Rumen Fluid Dried by Spray Drying with 1% Maltodextrin. Pathogenic microorganisms assessed included Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus, non-aureus staphylococci, Strep agalactiae, and Strep obris. Chemical compounds measured included dry matter percentage, protein, ether extract, and ash content. Enzyme activities measured included carboxymethylcellulase, microcrystalline cellulase (Avislase), alpha-amylase, and filter paper enzyme activity. The concentrations of mineral elements analyzed included calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, silver, boron, barium, beryllium, cobalt, chromium, manganese, lead, strontium, zinc, lithium, iron, copper, aluminum, and silicon.
Results: The results indicated that autoclaving reduced the concentration of pathogenic microorganisms in the rumen fluid to zero. The percentage of dry matter and crude protein was highest in the treatment involving freshly autoclaved rumen fluid dried by spray drying. Dried rumen fluid with 1% maltodextrin exhibited the highest activity of polysaccharide-degrading enzymes compared to fresh rumen fluid. The concentrations of calcium, magnesium, silver, boron, barium, beryllium, cobalt, chromium, manganese, lead, strontium, and zinc were highest in the rumen fluid dried by spray drying (P < 0.01). The concentration of phosphorus was highest in the sample dried with the addition of 1% maltodextrin (P < 0.01). The concentration of lithium was highest in the autoclaved and dried rumen fluid with 1% maltodextrin (P < 0.01). The concentrations of iron, copper, aluminum, and silicon were highest in the autoclaved and dried rumen fluid processed by spray drying. Autoclaving effectively killed pathogenic microorganisms while retaining about 50% of the activity of various enzymes.
Conclusion: Based on the results of this research, it is recommended to autoclave rumen fluid to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms, in conjunction with drying using the spray drying method.
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