1. Abbasi, M., Mahdavi, A., Samie, A., & Jahanian, R. (2014). Effects of different levels of dietary crude protein and threonine on performance, humoral immune responses and intestinal morphology of broiler chicks. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 16, 35-44. [
DOI:10.1590/S1516-635X2014000100005]
2. Abdel-Moneim, A.-M. E., Selim, D. A., Basuony, H. A., Sabic, E. M., Saleh, A. A., & Ebeid, T. A. (2020). Effect of dietary supplementation of Bacillus subtilis spores on growth performance, oxidative status, and digestive enzyme activities in Japanese quail birds. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 52, 671-680 [
DOI:10.1007/s11250-019-02055-1]
3. Adabi, S. G., Ceylan, N., Ciftci, I., & Ceylan, A. (2019). Response of growing chicks to supplementation of low protein diets with leucine, valine and glycine-glutamic acid. South African Journal of Animal Science, 49(6), 1047-1062. [
DOI:10.4314/sajas.v49i6.9]
4. Ajao, A. M., Liu, G., Taylor, J., Ball, M. E. E., Mercier, Y., Applegate, T. J., Selvaraj, R., Kyriazakis, I., Kim, W. K., & Olukosi, O. A. (2024). Phase-specific outcmes of arginine or branched-chain amino acids supplementation in low crude protein diets on performance, nutrient digestibility, and expression of tissue protein synthesis and degradation in broiler chickens infected with mixed Eimeria spp. Poultry Science, 103(7), 103811. [
DOI:10.1016/j.psj.2024.103811]
5. Alagawany, M., El-Hindawy, M. M., El-Hack, M. E. A., Arif, M., & El-Sayed, S. A. (2020). Influence of low-protein diet with different levels of amino acids on laying hen performance, quality and egg composition. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 92(01), e20180230. [
DOI:10.1590/0001-3765202020180230]
6. Aletor, V. A., Hamid, I. I., Niess, E., & Pfeffer, E. (2000). Low‐protein amino acid‐supplemented diets in broiler chickens: effects on performance, carcass characteristics, whole‐body composition and efficiencies of nutrient utilisation. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 80(5), 547-554. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(200004)80:5<547::AID-JSFA531>3.0.CO;2-C
https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(200004)80:5<547::AID-JSFA531>3.0.CO;2-C [
DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(200004)80:53.0.CO;2-C]
7. Attia, Y. A., Bovera, F., Wang, J., Al-Harthi, M. A., & Kim, W. K. (2020). Multiple amino acid supplementations to low-protein diets: Effect on performance, carcass yield, meat quality and nitrogen excretion of finishing broilers under hot climate conditions. Animals, 10(6), 973. [
DOI:10.3390/ani10060973]
8. Awad, E. A., Zulkifli, I., Farjam, A. S., & Chwen, L. T. (2014). Amino acids fortification of low-protein diet for broilers under tropical climate. 2. Nonessential amino acids and increasing essential amino acids. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 13(3), 3297. [
DOI:10.4081/ijas.2014.3297]
9. Awad, E., Zulkifli, I., Soleimani, A., Law, F., Ramiah, S., Mohamed-Yousif, I., Hussein, E., & Khalil, E. (2019). Response of broilers to reduced-protein diets under heat stress conditions. World's Poultry Science Journal, 75(4), 583-598. [
DOI:10.1017/S0043933919000576]
10. Ball, R. O., Urschel, K. L., & Pencharz, P. B. (2007). Nutritional consequences of interspecies differences in arginine and lysine metabolism. The Journal of Nutrition, 137(6), 1626S-1641S.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/137.6.1626S [
DOI:10.1093/jn/137.6.1626S.]
11. Bahrampour, K., Afzali, N. & Hosseini-Vashan, S.J. (2025). Arginine amino acid, nano particles of zinc oxide, and stock density: Effect on growth performance, intestinal morphology, blood indices, and meat quality in broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 10.1016/j.psj.2025.106148. [
DOI:10.1016/j.psj.2025.106148]
12. Barekatain, R., Nattrass, G., Tilbrook, A., Chousalkar, K., & Gilani, S. (2019). Reduced protein diet and amino acid concentration alter intestinal barrier function and performance of broiler chickens with or without synthetic glucocorticoid. Poultry Science, 98(9), 3662-3675. [
DOI:10.3382/ps/pey563]
13. Bartell, S., & Batal, A. (2007). The effect of supplemental glutamine on growth performance, development of the gastrointestinal tract, and humoral immune response of broilers. Poultry Science, 86(9), 1940-1947. [
DOI:10.1093/ps/86.9.1940]
14. Benahmed, S., Askri, A., de Rauglaudre, T., Létourneau-Montminy, M.-P., & Alnahhas, N. (2023). Effect of reduced crude protein diets supplemented with free limiting amino acids on body weight, carcass yield, and breast meat quality in broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 102(11), 103041. [
DOI:10.1016/j.psj.2023.103041]
15. Berres, J., Vieira, S., Kidd, M., Taschetto, D., Freitas, D., Barros, R., & Nogueira, E. (2010). Supplementing L-valine and L-isoleucine in low-protein corn and soybean meal all-vegetable diets for broilers. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 19(4), 373-379. [
DOI:10.3382/japr.2009-00093]
16. Bezerra, R., Costa, F., Givisiez, P., Freitas, E., Goulart, C., Santos, R., Souza, J., Brandao, P., Lima, M., & Melo, M. (2016). Effect of l‐glutamic acid supplementation on performance and nitrogen balance of broilers fed low protein diets. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 100(3), 590-600. [
DOI:10.1111/jpn.12405]
17. Bregendahl, K., Sell, J., & Zimmerman, D. (2002). Effect of low-protein diets on growth performance and body composition of broiler chicks. Poultry Science, 81(8), 1156-1167. [
DOI:10.1093/ps/81.8.1156]
18. Brudnicki, A., Brudnicki, W., Szymeczko, R., Bednarczyk, M., Pietruszynska, D., & Kirkillo-Stacewicz, K. (2017). Histo-morphometric adaptation in the small intestine of broiler chicken, after embryonic exposure to galactosides. Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 27(4). 1075-1082.
19. Cabel, M. C., & Walderoup, P. W. (1991). Effect of dietary protein level and length of feeding on performance and abdominal fat content of broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 70(7), 1550-1558. [
DOI:10.3382/ps.0701550]
20. Castro, F. L., Teng, P.-Y., Yadav, S., Gould, R. L., Craig, S., Pazdro, R., & Kim, W. K. (2020). The effects of L-Arginine supplementation on growth performance and intestinal health of broiler chickens challenged with Eimeria spp. Poultry Science, 99(11), 5844-5857. [
DOI:10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.017]
21. Castro, F., Su, S., Choi, H., Koo, E., & Kim, W. (2019). L-Arginine supplementation enhances growth performance, lean muscle, and bone density but not fat in broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 98(4), 1716-1722. [
DOI:10.3382/ps/pey504]
22. Chrystal, P. V., Moss, A. F., Khoddami, A., Naranjo, V. D., Selle, P. H., & Liu, S. Y. (2020). Effects of reduced crude protein levels, dietary electrolyte balance, and energy density on the performance of broiler chickens offered maize-based diets with evaluations of starch, protein, and amino acid metabolism. Poultry Science, 99(3), 1421-1431. [
DOI:10.1016/j.psj.2019.10.060]
23. Council, N. R., & Nutrition, S. O. P. (1994). Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: 1994. National Academies Press.
24. Dairo, F., Adesehinwa, A., Oluwasola, T., & Oluyemi, J. (2010). High and low dietary energy and protein levels for broiler chickens. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 5(15), 2030-2038. [
DOI:10.5897/AJAR10.254]
25. De Cesare, A., do Valle, I. F., Sala, C., Sirri, F., Astolfi, A., Castellani, G., & Manfreda, G. (2019). Effect of a low protein diet on chicken ceca microbiome and productive performances. Poultry Science, 98(9), 3963-3976. [
DOI:10.3382/ps/pez132]
26. D'Mello, J. (2003). Adverse effects of amino acids. In Amino Acids in Animal Nutrition (pp. 125-142). CABI Publishing Wallingford UK. [
DOI:10.1079/9780851996547.0125]
27. Dozier W.A., Kidd, M., & Corzo, A. (2008). Dietary amino acid responses of broiler chickens. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 17(1), 157-167. [
DOI:10.3382/japr.2007-00071]
28. Fernandez, S. R., Aoyagi, S., Han, Y., Parsons, C., & Baker, D. H. (1994). Limiting order of amino acids in corn and soybean meal for growth of the chick. Poultry Science, 73(12), 1887-1896. [
DOI:10.3382/ps.0731887]
29. Fiala, N. (2008). Meeting the demand: an estimation of potential future greenhouse gas emissions from meat production. Ecological Economics, 67(3), 412-419. [
DOI:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.12.021]
30. Gholami, M., Hassanabadi, A. N., & Golian, A. (2015). fects of different levels of digestible arginine and protein in starter diets containing ideal amino acids ratio on Eperformance, carcass traits and serum parameters in broiler chickens. Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research, 7(2), 314-352. [
DOI:10.22067/ijasr.v7i2.51524]
31. Havenstein, G., Ferket, P., Scheideler, S., & Rives, D. (1994). Carcass composition and yield of 1991 vs 1957 broilers when fed "typical" 1957 and 1991 broiler diets. Poultry Science, 73(12), 1795-1804. [
DOI:10.3382/ps.0731795]
32. Hernández-Huesca, A., Cortes-Cuevas, A., Juarez-Ramirez, M., Menocal-Arce, J., Margarito-Romero, M., & Ávila-Gonzalez, E. (2024). Effect of low protein diets supplemented with amino acids on productive performance, carcass yield and intestinal integrity on broilers. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 27(2). http://doi.org/10.56369/tsaes.4905 [
DOI:10.56369/tsaes.4905]
33. Hilliar, M., & Swick, R. (2019). Nutritional implications of feeding reduced-protein diets to meat chickens. Animal Production Science, 59(11), 2069-2081. [
DOI:10.1071/AN19221]
34. Hilliar, M., Hargreave, G., Girish, C., Barekatain, R., Wu, S.-B., & Swick, R. (2020). Using crystalline amino acids to supplement broiler chicken requirements in reduced protein diets. Poultry Science, 99(3), 1551-1563.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2019.12.005 [
DOI:10.1016/j.psj.2019.12.005.]
35. Hosseini-Vashan, S.J., & Piray, A.H. (2021). Effect of dietary saffron (Crocus sativus) petal extract on growth performance, blood biochemical indices, antioxidant balance, and immune responses of broiler chickens reared under heat stress conditions. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 20, 1338-1347. 10.1080/1828051X.2021.1921628. [
DOI:10.1080/1828051X.2021.1921628]
36. Isakov, N., Feldman, M., & Segal, S. (2005). The mechanism of modulation of humoral immune responses after infection of mice with lactic dehydrogenase virus. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md.: 1950), 128(2), 969-975. [
DOI:10.4049/jimmunol.128.2.969]
37. Kamran, Z., & Mirza, M. A. (2004). Effect of decreasing dietary protein levels with optimal aminoacids profile on the performance of broilers. Pakistan Veterinary Journal (Pakistan), 24(4).
38. Kidd, M., Kerr, B., England, J., & Waldroup, P. (1997). Performance and carcass composition of large white toms as affected by dietary crude protein and threonine supplements. Poultry Science, 76(10), 1392-1397. [
DOI:10.1093/ps/76.10.1392]
39. Kriseldi, R., Tillman, P., Jiang, Z., & Dozier, W. A. (2018). Effects of feeding reduced crude protein diets on growth performance, nitrogen excretion, and plasma uric acid concentration of broiler chicks during the starter period. Poultry Science, 97(5), 1614-1626. [
DOI:10.3382/ps/pex395]
40. Liang, Y., Zheng, X., Wang, J., Yang, H., & Wang, Z. (2023). Different amino acid supplementation patterns in low-protein diets on growth performance and nitrogen metabolism of goslings from 1 to 28 days of age. Poultry Science, 102(2), 102395. [
DOI:10.1016/j.psj.2022.102395]
41. Macelline, S. P., Wickramasuriya, S. S., Cho, H. M., Kim, E., Shin, T. K., Hong, J. S., Kim, J. C., Pluske, J. R., Choi, H. J., & Hong, Y. G. (2020). Broilers fed a low protein diet supplemented with synthetic amino acidsmaintained growth performance and retained intestinal integrity while reducing nitrogen excretion when raised under poor sanitary conditions. Poultry Science, 99(2), 949-958. [
DOI:10.1016/j.psj.2019.10.035]
42. Mavromati, E., Sena, L., Gjeta, Z., & Mavromati, J. (2018). Assessing the economic efficiency in some broiler farms through the European production efficiency factor (EPEF). European Academic Research, 6(9), 5354-5362. https://euacademic.org
43. Mottet, A., & Tempio, G. (2017). Global poultry production: current state and future outlook and challenges. World's Poultry Science Journal, 73(2), 245-256. [
DOI:10.1017/S0043933917000071]
44. Nelson, N., Lakshmanan, N., & Lamont, S. (1995). Sheep red blood cell and Brucella abortus antibody responses in chickens selected for multitrait immunocompetence. Poultry Science, 74(10), 1603-1609. [
DOI:10.3382/ps.0741603]
45. Neto, M. G., Pesti, G., & Bakalli, R. (2000). Influence of dietary protein level on the broiler chicken's response to methionine and betaine supplements. Poultry Science, 79(10), 1478-1484. [
DOI:10.1093/ps/79.10.1478]
46. Ospina-Rojas, I., Murakami, A., Eyng, C., Nunes, R., Duarte, C., & Vargas, M. (2012). Commercially available amino acid supplementation of low-protein diets for broiler chickens with different ratios of digestible glycine+ serine: lysine. Poultry Science, 91(12), 3148-3155. [
DOI:10.3382/ps.2012-02470]
47. Panda, A., Rao, S., Raju, M., Lavanya, G., Reddy, E., & Sunder, G. S. (2011). Early growth response of broilers to dietary lysine at fixed ratio to crude protein and essential amino acids. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal sciences, 24(11), 1623-1628. [
DOI:10.5713/ajas.2011.11080]
48. Parsaeimehr, K., Daneshyar, M., Farhoumand, P., Janmohammadi, H., Oliyaei, M., & Javanmard, A. (2022). The effect of adding different levels of valine in low protein diets on performance, blood parameters and tibial bone properties of ross-308 broiler chickens from 8-21 days. Research on Animal Production, 13(37), 32-39. [
DOI:10.52547/rap.13.37.32]
49. Prakatur, I., Miskulin, M., Pavic, M., Marjanovic, K., Blazicevic, V., Miskulin, I., & Domacinovic, M. (2019). Intestinal morphology in broiler chickens supplemented with propolis and bee pollen. Animals, 9(6), 301. [
DOI:10.3390/ani9060301]
50. Salahi Moghaddam, R., & Shahir, M. (2021). Response of broiler chicks to different levels of dietary ideal protein and digestible valine to lysine ratios in the starter period. Livestock Products, 23(4), 535-548. [
DOI:10.22059/jap.2021.323616.623617]
51. Saleh, A. A., Amber, K. A., Soliman, M. M., Soliman, M. Y., Morsy, W. A., Shukry, M., & Alzawqari, M. H. (2021). Effect of low protein diets with amino acids supplementation on growth performance, carcass traits, blood parameters and muscle amino acids profile in broiler chickens under high ambient temperature. Agriculture, 11(2), 185. [
DOI:10.3390/agriculture11020185]
52. Selle, P. H., Dorigam, J. C., Lemme, A., Chrystal, P. V., & Liu, S. Y. (2020). Synthetic and crystalline amino acids: alternatives to soybean meal in chicken-meat production. Animals, 10(4), 729. [
DOI:10.3390/ani10040729]
53. Teng, P.-Y., Choi, J., Yadav, S., Tompkins, Y., & Kim, W. K. (2021). Effects of low-crude protein diets supplemented with arginine, glutamine, threonine, and methionine on regulating nutrient absorption, intestinal health, and growth performance of Eimeria-infected chickens. Poultry Science, 100(11), 101427. [
DOI:10.1016/j.psj.2021.101427]
54. Toprak, N., Yavaş, I., Çenesiz, A., Ceylan, N., & Çiftci, I. (2021). Effects of digestible amino acidbased formulation of low protein broiler diets supplemented with valine, isoleucine and arginine on performance and protein efficiency. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 66(5).
https://doi.org/10.17221/293/2020-CJAS [
DOI:10.17221/293/2020-cjas]
55. Uyanga, V. A., Xin, Q., Sun, M., Zhao, J., Wang, X., Jiao, H., Onagbesan, O. M., & Lin, H. (2022). Research Note: Effects of dietary L-arginine on the production performance and gene expression of reproductive hormones in laying hens fed low crude protein diets. Poultry Science, 101(5), 101816. [
DOI:10.1016/j.psj.2022.101816]
56. Van Harn, J., Dijkslag, M., & Van Krimpen, M. (2019). Effect of low protein diets supplemented with free amino acids on growth performance, slaughter yield, litter quality, and footpad lesions of male broilers. Poultry Science, 98(10), 4868-4877. [
DOI:10.3382/ps/pez229]
57. Waguespack, A., Powell, S., Bidner, T., Payne, R., & Southern, L. (2009). Effect of incremental levels of L-lysine and determination of the limiting amino acids in low crude protein corn-soybean meal diets for broilers. Poultry Science, 88(6), 1216-1226. [
DOI:10.3382/ps.2008-00452]
58. Wilkinson, D. J., Brook, M. S., & Smith, K. (2021). Principles of stable isotope research-with special reference to protein metabolism. Clinical Nutrition Open Science, 36, 111-125. [
DOI:10.1016/j.nutos.2021.02.005]
59. Yussefi Kelarikolaei, K., Moraveg, H., Hosseini, S.A., & Pakdel, A. (2015). Amino acid density and feeding methods on performance and carcass parameters of Arian broiler chicken. Animal Science Journal (Pajouhesh & Sazandegi), 28(107), 147-160. [
DOI:10.22092/asj.2015.102422]
60. Zeng XiaoGe, Z. X., Li XiaoFei, L. X., Hu YiXin, H. Y., Wen Qian, W. Q., Zhao LuLu, Z. L., Zhang LiYang, Z. L., Li SuFen, L. S., & Luo XuGang, L. X. (2015). Dietary crude protein requirement of broilers from 22 to 42 days of age. Chinese Association of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, 27(8), 2534-2543. [
DOI:full/10.5555/20153331689]