1. AOAC. (2000). Official Methods of Analysis. Vol. 1. 17th ed. AOAC Int., Arlington, VA.
2. Baldwin, R. L.V. I., McLeod, K. R., Klotz, J. L., & Heitmann, R. N. (2004). Rumen development, intestinal growth and hepatic metabolism in the pre- and postweaning ruminant. Journal of Dairy Science, 87(E. Suppl.), E55-E65. [
DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)70061-2]
3. Beharka, A. A., Nagajara, T. G., Morrill, L. J., Kennedy, G. A., & Klemm, R. D. (1998). Effect of form of the diet on anatomical, microbial, and fermentative development of the rumen of neonatal calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 81, 1946-1955 [
DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(98)75768-6]
4. Beiranvand, H., Ghorbani, G. R., Khorvash, M., Nabipour, A., Dehghanbanadaky, M., Homayouni, A., & Kargar, S. (2014). Interactions of alfalfa hay and sodium propionate on dairy calf performance and rumen development. Journal of Dairy Science, 97, 2270-2280. [
DOI:10.3168/jds.2012-6332]
5. Broderick, G. A., & Kang, J. H. (1980). Automated simultaneous determination of ammonia and total amino acids in ruminal fluid and in vitro media. Journal of Dairy Science, 63(1), 64-75. [
DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(80)82888-8]
6. Bull, L. S., Bush, L. J., Friend, J. D., Harris, B., & Jones, E. W. (1965). Incidence of ruminal parakeratosis in calves fed different rations and its relation to volatile fatty acid absorption. Journal of Dairy Science, 48, 1459-1466. [
DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(65)88499-5]
7. Castells, L., Bach, A., Araujo, G., Montoro, C., & Terré, M. (2012). Effect of different forage sources on performance and feeding behavior of Holstein calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 95, 286-293. [
DOI:10.3168/jds.2011-4405]
8. Chen, T., Xiao, J., Li, T., Ma, J., Alugongo, G. M., Khan, M. Z., Liu, S., Wang, W., Wang, Y., Li, S., & Cao, Z. (2021). Effect of the initial time of providing oat hay on performance, health, behavior and rumen fermentation in Holstein female calves. Agriculture, 11, 862. [
DOI:10.3390/agriculture11090862]
9. Daneshvar, D., Khorvash, M., Ghasemi, E., Mahdavi, A. H., Moshiri, B., Mirzaei, M., Pezeshki, A., & Ghaffari, M. H. (2015). The effect of restricted milk feeding through conventional or step-down methods with or without forage provision in starter feed on performance of Holstein bull calves. Journal of Animal Science, 93, 3979-3989. [
DOI:10.2527/jas.2014-8863]
10. Drackley, J.K. (2008). Calf nutrition from birth to breeding. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 24, 55-86. [
DOI:10.1016/j.cvfa.2008.01.001]
11. Gahremani, A., Mahjoubi, E., Hossein Yazdi, M., Chamani, M., Bahrami, M., & Patton, R.A. (2021). Forage inclusion in calf starter has the best outcome when it is supplemented since 21 days after birth in Holstein calves. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 11, 203. [
DOI:10.1007/s11250-021-02635-0]
12. Ghorbani, H., Kazemi-Bonchenari, M., Hossein Yazdi, M., & Mahjoubi, E. (2020). Effects of various fat delivery methods in starter diet on growth performance, nutrients digestibility and blood metabolites of Holstein dairy calves. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 262, 114429. [
DOI:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114429]
13. Hill, T. M., Bateman, H. G., Aldrich, J. M., & Schlotterbeck, R. L. (2008). Effects of the amount of chopped hay or cottonseed hulls in a textured calf starter on young calf performance. Journal of Dairy Science, 91, 2684-2693 [
DOI:10.3168/jds.2007-0935]
14. Hinders, R. G., & Owen, F. G. (1968). Ruminal and post-ruminal digestion of alfafa fed as pellets or long hay. Journal of Dairy Science, 51, 1253-1257. [
DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(68)87167-X]
15. Hosseini, S. M., Ghorbani, G. R., Rezamand, P., & Khorvash, M. (2016). Determining optimum age of Holstein dairy calves when adding chopped alfalfa hay to meal starter diets based on measures of growth and performance. Animal, 10, 607-615. [
DOI:10.1017/S1751731115002499]
16. Kertz, A. F., Prewitt, L. R., & Everett Jr., J. P. (1979). An early weaning calf program: summarization and review. Journal of Dairy Science, 62, 1835-1843. [
DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(79)83508-0]
17. Khan, M. A., Weary, D. M., & von Keyserlingk, M. A.G. (2011). Hay intake improves performance and rumen development of calves fed higher quantities of milk. Journal of Dairy Science, 94, 3547-3553. [
DOI:10.3168/jds.2010-3871]
18. Khan, M. A., Weary, D. M., Vieira, D. M., & von Keyserlingk, M. A. G. (2012). Postweaning performance of heifers fed starter with and without hay during the milk-feeding period. Journal of Dairy Science, 95, 3970-3976. [
DOI:10.3168/jds.2011-5027]
19. Kim, Y. H., Nagata, R., Ohtani, N., Ichijo, T., Ikuta, K., & Sato, S. (2016). Effects of dietary forage and calf starter diet on ruminal pH and bacteria in Holstein calves during weaning transition. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7, 1575. [
DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2016.01575]
20. Laarman, A. H., Ruiz-Sanchez, A. L., Sugino, T., Guan, L. L., & Oba, M. (2012). Effects of feeding a calf starter on molecular adaptations in the ruminal epithelium and liver of Holstein dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 95, 2585-2594. [
DOI:10.3168/jds.2011-4788]
21. Leao, A. E., Coelho, S. G., Azevedo, R. A., Campos, M. M., Machado, F. S., Laguna, J. G., Ferreira, A. L., Pereira, L. G. R., Tomich, T. R., Costa, S. F., Machado, M. A., & Reis, D. R. L. (2020). Effect of pelleted vs. ground starter with or without hay on preweaned dairy calves. PLOS One, 15, e0234610. [
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0234610]
22. Lesmeister, K. E., & Heinrichs, A. J. (2004). Effects of corn processing on growth characteristics, rumen development, and rumen parameters in neonatal dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 87, 3439-3450. [
DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73479-7]
23. Lin, X. Y., Wang, Y., Wang, J., Hou, Q. L., Hu, Z. Y., Shi, K. R., Yan, Z. G. & Wang, Z. H. (2018). Effect of initial time of forage supply on growth and rumen development in preweaning calves. Animal Production Science, 58, 2224-2232. [
DOI:10.1071/AN16667]
24. Lopes, F., Cook, D. E., & Combs, D. K. (2015). Effects of varying dietary ratios of corn silage to alfalfa silage on digestion of neutral detergent fiber in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 98, [
DOI:10.3168/jds.2014-8662]
25. 6303
26. Makizadeh, H., Kazemi-Bonchenari, M., Mansoori-Yarahmadi, H., Fakhraei, J., Khanaki, H., Drackley, J. K., & Ghaffari, M. H. (2020). Corn-processing and crude protein content in calf starter: effects on growth performance, ruminal fermentation, and blood metabolites. Journal of Dairy Science, 103, 9037-9053. [
DOI:10.3168/jds.2020-18578]
27. Molaei, M., Kazemi-Bonchenari, M., Mirzaei, M., & Esmaeili, H. R. (2021). The physical form of starter (finely ground versus pelleted) and alfalfa hay (chopped versus pelleted) in Holstein dairy calves: Effects on growth performance, feeding behaviour, ruminal fermentation, and urinary purine derivatives. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 279, 115031. [
DOI:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115031]
28. Molaei, M., Kazemi‐Bonchenari, M., Mirzaei, M., & Esmaeili, H. R. (2021). The physical form of starter (finely ground versus pelleted) and alfalfa hay (chopped versus pelleted) in Holstein dairy calves: Effects on growth performance, feeding behaviour, ruminal fermentation, and urinary purine derivatives. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 279, 115031. [
DOI:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115031]
29. Montoro, C., Miller-Cushon, E. K., DeVries, T. J., & Bach, A. (2013). Effect of physical form of forage on performance, feeding behavior, and digestibility of Holstein calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 96, 1117-1124. [
DOI:10.3168/jds.2012-5731]
30. Nemati, M., Amanlou, H., Khorvash, M., Mirzaei, M., Moshiri, B., & Ghaari, M. H. (2016). Effect of different alfalfa hay levels on growth performance, rumen fermentation, and structural growth of Holstein dairy calves. Journal of Animal Science, 94, 1141. [
DOI:10.2527/jas.2015-0111]
31. NRC. (2001). Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 7 th ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2001.
32. Owens, F. N., Secrist, D. S., Hill, W. J., & Gill, D. R. (1997). The effect of grain source and grain processing on performance of feedlot cattle: a review. Journal of Animal Science, 75, 868-879. [
DOI:10.2527/1997.753868x]
33. Pazoki. A., Ghorbani. G. R., Kargar. S., Sadeghi-Sefidmazgi, A., Ghaffari, M. H., & Drackley. J. K. (2017). Growth performance, nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and rumen development of calves during transition from liquid to solid feed: Effects of physical form of starter feed and forage provision. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 234, 173-185. [
DOI:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.06.004]
34. Phillips, C. J. (2004). The effects of forage provision and group size on the behavior of calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 87, 1380-1388. [
DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73287-7]
35. Porter, J. C., Warner, R. G., & Kertz, A. F. (2007). Effect of fiber level and physical form of starter on growth and development of dairy calves fed no forage. Professional Animal Scientist, 23, 395-400. [
DOI:10.15232/S1080-7446(15)30994-3]
36. Quigley III, J. D. (1996). Influence of weaning method on growth, intake, and selected blood metabolites in Jersey calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 79, 2255-2260. [
DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(96)76602-X]
37. Shen, Z., Seyfert, H. M., Lohrke, B., Schneider, F., Zitnan, R., & Chudy, A. (2004). An energy-rich diet causes rumen papillae proliferation associated with more IGF type 1 receptors and increased plasma IGF-1 concentrations in young goats. Journal of Nutrition, 134, 11-17. [
DOI:10.1093/jn/134.1.11]
38. Soltani, M., Kazemi-Bonchenari, M., Khaltabadi-Farahani, A. H., & Afsarian, O. (2017). Interaction of forage provision (alfalfa hay) and sodium butyrate supplementation on performance, structural growth, blood metabolites and rumen fermentation characteristics of lambs during pre-weaning period. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 230, 77-86. [
DOI:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.06.002]
39. Suárez, B. J., Van Reenen, C. G., Beldman, G., Van, D. J., Dijkstra, J., & Gerrits, W. J. (2006). Effects of supplementing concentrates differing in carbohydrate composition in veal calf diets: I. Animal performance and rumen fermentation characteristics. Journal of Dairy Science, 89, 4365-4375. [
DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72483-3]
40. Suarez-Mena, F. X., Hill, T. M., Jones, C. M., & Heinrichs, A. J. (2016). Effect of forage provision on feed intake in dairy calves. Professional Animal Scientist, 32, 383-388. [
DOI:10.15232/pas.2016-01502]
41. Van Gylswyk, N. O. (1970). A comparison of two techniques for counting cellulolytic rumen bacteria. Microbiology, 60(2), 191-197. [
DOI:10.1099/00221287-60-2-191]
42. Van Keulen, J. Y. B. A., & Young, B. A. (1977). Evaluation of acid-insoluble ash as a natural marker in ruminant digestibility studies. Journal of Animal Science, 44(2), 282-287. [
DOI:10.2527/jas1977.442282x]
43. Van Soest, P. J., Robertson, J. B., & Lewis, B. A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74, 3583-3597. [
DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2]
44. Xie, B., Zhang, N., & Zhang, C. (2018). Effects of Forage on Rumen Development in Young Ruminants and Its Mechanisms. Chinease Journal of Animal Nutrition, 30, 1245-1252.
45. Zanton, G. I., & Heinrichs, A. J. (2009). Digestion and nitrogen utilization in dairy heifers limit-fed a low or high forage ration at four levels of nitrogen intake. Journal of Dairy Science, 92, 2078-2094. [
DOI:10.3168/jds.2008-1712]
46. Zitnan, R., Voigt, J., Schonhausen, U., Wegner, J., Kokardova, M., Hagemeister, H., Levkut, M., Kuhla, S., & Sommer, A. (1998). Influence of dietary concentrate to forage ratio on the development of rumen mucosa in calves. Archive of Animal Nutrition, 51, 279-291. [
DOI:10.1080/17450399809381926]