1. AOAC. (2000). Official methods of analysis, 15th Edition. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Washington, D. C. USA.
2. Bretschneider, G., Mattera, J., Cuatrin, A., Arias, D., & Wanzenried, R. (2015). Effect of ensiling a total mixed ration on feed quality for cattle in smallholder dairy farms. Archive of Medical Veterinary. 47, 225-229. [
DOI:10.4067/S0301-732X2015000200015]
3. Cao, Y., Takahashi, T., Horiguchi, K. I., Yoshida, N., & Cai, Y. (2010). Effect of adding lactic acid bacteria and molasses on fermentation quality and in vitro ruminal digestion of total mixed ration silage prepared with whole crop rice. Grassland Science, 56(1), 19-25.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-697X.2009.00168.x [
DOI:10.1111/j.1744-697X.2009.00168.x.]
4. Cao, Y., Zang, Y., Jiang, Z., Han, Y., Hou, J. J., Liu, H., Zhong, R., Fang, J., Zhang, A., & Yoshida, N. (2016). Fermentation quality and nutritive value of fresh and fermented total mixed rations containing Chinese wildrye or corn Stover. Grassland Science, 62, 213-23.
https://doi.org/10.1111/grs.12134 [
DOI:10.1111/grs.12134.]
5. Cushnahan, A., & Mayne, C.S. (1995). Effects of ensilage of grass on performance and nutrient utilization by dairy cattle.1. Food intake and milk production. Animal Science, 60, 337-345.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1357729800013217 [
DOI:10.1017/S1357729800013217.]
6. Du, Z., Yamasaki S., Oya T., Nguluve, D., Tinga, B., Macome, F. & Cai, Y. (2020). Ensiling characteristics of total mixed ration prepared with local feed resources in Mozambique and their effects on nutrition value and milk production in Jersey dairy cattle. Animl Science Journal, 91, 1-9.
https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.13370 [
DOI:10.1111/asj.13370.]
7. Fazeli, H. (2021). Complete Feed Silage: A Modern Technology in Livestock Nutrition Management. Agricultural Education Publishing Office. 156 pages.
8. Fazeli, H., Sadeghi Shoae, M., & Aliavardi Nasab, R. (2023). Nutritional value of total mixed ration silage based on the fodder beet and corn forage in Shal sheep. Journal of Ruminants Research, 11(3), 116-97. [
DOI:10.22069/EJRR.2023.21281.1893.]
9. Han, H., Ogata, Y., Yamamoto, Y., Nagao, S., & Nishino, N. (2014). Identification of lactic acid bacteria in the rumen and feces of dairy cows fed total mixed ration silage to assess the survival of silage bacteria in the gut. Journal of Dairy Science, 97, 5754-62. [
DOI:10.3168/jds.2014-7968]
10. Kung, L., Shaver, R.D., Grant, R.J., & Shmidt, R.J. (2018). Silage review: Interpretation of chemical, microbial, and organoleptic components of silage. Journal of Dairy Science, 101(5), 4020-4033.
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13909 [
DOI:10.3168/jds.2017-13909.]
11. Miyaji, M., & Matsuyama, H. (2016). Lactation and digestion in dairy cows fed ensiled total mixed ration containing steam-flaked or ground rice grain. Animal Science Journal, 87, 767-774.
https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.12481 [
DOI:10.1111/asj.12481.]
12. Miyaji, M., & Nonaka, K. (2018). Effects of altering total mixed ration conservation method when feeding dry-rolled versus steam-flaked hulled rice on lactation and digestion in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 101, 5092-5101.
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13802 [
DOI:10.3168/jds.2017-13802.]
13. Miyaji, M., Matsuyama, H., & Nonaka, K. (2016). Effect of ensiling process of total mixed ration on fermentation profile, nutrient loss and in situ ruminal degradation characteristics of diet. Animal Science Journal, 88, 134-139.
https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.12610 [
DOI:10.1111/asj.12610.]
14. Nishino, N., Wada, H., Yoshida, M., & Shiota, H. (2004). Microbial counts, fermentation products, and aerobic stability of whole crop corn and a total mixed ration ensiled with and without inoculation of Lactobacillus casei or Lactobacillus buchneri. Journal of Dairy Science, 87, 2563-2570.
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73381-0 [
DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73381-0.]
15. Rooke, J.A. (1995). The effect of increasing acidity or osmolality of grass silage by the addition of free or partially neutralized lactic acid on silage intake by sheep and upon osmolality and acid-base balance. Animal Science, 61, 285-292.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1357729800013825 [
DOI:10.1017/S1357729800013825.]
16. SAS. (2002). Statistical Analysis Systems/SAS, STAT User's guide Statistics. Version 9.1. Cary, Institute: USA.
17. Sniffen, C.J., O'Connor, J.D., Van Soest, P.J., Fox, D.G., & Russell, J.B. (1992). A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets: II. Carbohydrate and protein availability. Journal of Animal Science, 70(11), 3562-3577. [
DOI:10.2527/1992.70113562x]
18. Uyeno, Y., Chao, W., Jayanegara, A., Kondo, M., Ban-Tokuda, T., & Matsui, H. (2016). Increase in rumen fibrolytic bacteria and the improvement of fiber degradability of ensiled total mixed ration assessed by in vitro rumen culture. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 4(4), 183-186. [
DOI:10.14737/journal.aavs/2016/4.4.183.186]
19. Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B., & Levis, B.A. (1991). Method for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74, 3583-3597.
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2 [
DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2.]
20. Vitor Ananias Araújo, J., de Matos Teixeira, A., Monção, F.P., Júnior, V.R.R., Carlos Goncalves, L., de Paula Pereira, A.F., & Rigueira, J.P.S. (2025). Effects of total dietary silage with corn and citric acid byproducts on lactating cow intake, digestibility, blood parameters, ingestive behaviour, and performance. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 53(1). [
DOI:10.1080/09712119.2025.2467125]
21. Wang, C., & N. Nishino. (2013). Effects of storage temperature and ensiling period on fermentation products, aerobic stability and microbial communities of total mixed ration silage. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 114, 1687-1695.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.12200 [
DOI:10.1111/jam.12200.]
22. Wang, H., Ning, T., Hao, W., Zheng, M., & Xu, C. (2015). Dynamics associated with prolonged ensiling and aerobic deterioration of total mixed ration silage containing whole crop corn. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 29, 62-72.
https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.15.0319 [
DOI:10.5713/ajas.15.0319.]
23. Wang, L., Jin, S., Wang, P., Li, X., Liu, C., Sun, S., Zhang, G., Chang, J., Yin, Q., Zhang, H., & Zhu, Q. (2024). Fermented total mixed ration enhances nutrient digestibility and modulates the milk components and fecal microbial community in lactating Holstein dairy cows. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 11, 1408348.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2024.1408348 [
DOI:10.3389/fvets.2024.1408348.]
24. Weinberg, Z., Chen, Y., Miron, D., Raviv, Y., Nahim, E., Bloch, A., Yosef, E., Nikbahat, M., & Miron, J. (2011). Preservation of total mixed rations for dairy cows in bales wrapped with polyethylene stretch film- A commercial scale experiment, Animal Feed Science and Technology, 164, 1(2), 125-129.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.11.016 [
DOI:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.11.016.]
25. Wongnen, C., Wachirapakorn, C., Patipan, C., Panpong, D., Kongweha, K., Namsaen, N., Gunun, P., & Yuangklang, C. (2009). Effects of Fermented Total Mixed Ration and Cracked Cottonseed on Milk Yield and Milk Composition in Dairy Cows. Animal Bioscience, 22(12), 1625-1632.
https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2009.80668 [
DOI:10.5713/ajas.2009.80668.]
26. Yuangklang, C., Vasupen, Wittyakun. K.S., Srinanaun, P., & Sukho, C. (2004). Effect of total mixed ration and fermented total mixed ration on feed intake, ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility and blood metabolites in dairy cows. In: Proceeding of the 11 AAAP Congress "New Dimensions and challenges for sustainable livestock farming" The Asian- Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.