1. Agarwal, A. and T.M. Said. 2004. Carnitines and male infertility. Reproductive Biomedicine Online, 8: 376-84. [
DOI:10.1016/S1472-6483(10)60920-0]
2. Banihani, S., A. Agarwal, R. Sharma and M. Bayachou. 2014. Cryoprotective effect of L-carnitine on motility, vitality and DNA oxidation of human spermatozoa. Andrologia, 46: 637-41. [
DOI:10.1111/and.12130]
3. Bilodeau, J.F., S. Blanchette, N. Cormier and M.A. Sirard. 2002. Reactive oxygen species-mediated loss of bovine sperm motility in egg yolk tris extender: protection by pyruvate, metal chelators and bovine liver or oviductal fluid catalase. Theriogenology, 57: 1105-1122. [
DOI:10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00702-6]
4. Bucak, M.N., A. Ateşşahin and A. Yüce. 2008. Effect of anti-oxidants and oxidative stress parameters on ram semen after the freeze-thawing process. Small Ruminant Research, 75: 128-134. [
DOI:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2007.09.002]
5. Bucak, M.N., P.B. Tuncer, S. Sariozkan, N. Baspınar, M. Taspınar, K. Coyan, A. Bilgili, P.P. Akalın, S. Buyukleblebici, S. Aydos, S. Ilgaz, A. Sunguroglu and D. Oztuna. 2010. Effects of antioxidants on post-thawed bovine sperm and oxidative stress parameters: antioxidants protect DNA integrity against cryodamage. Cryobiology, 61: 248-253. [
DOI:10.1016/j.cryobiol.2010.09.001]
6. Carlson, D.B., N.B. Litherl, H.M. Dann, J.C. Woodworth and J.K. Drackley, 2006. Metabolic effects of abomasal l-carnitine infusion and feed restriction in lactating Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 89: 4819-4834. [
DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72531-0]
7. Duru, N.K., M. Morshedi, A. Schuffner and S. Oehninger. 2000. Semen treatment with progesterone and/or acetyl-L-carnitine does not improve sperm motility or membrane damage after cryopreservation-thawing. Fertility and Sterility, 74: 715-720. [
DOI:10.1016/S0015-0282(00)01494-1]
8. Foote, R.H., C.C. Brockett and M.T. Kaproth. 2002. Motility and fertility of bull sperm in whole milk extender containing antioxidants. Animal Reproduction Science, 71: 13-23. [
DOI:10.1016/S0378-4320(02)00018-0]
9. Funahashi, H. and T. Sano. 2005. Selected antioxidants improve the function of extender boar semen stored at 10 degree C. Theriogenology, 63: 1605-1616. [
DOI:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2004.06.016]
10. Goa, K.L. and R.N. Brodgen. 1987. L-carnitine preliminary review of its pharmacokinetics and its therapeutic use in ischemic cardiac disease and primary and secondary carnitine deficiencies in relationships to its role in fatty acid metabolism. Drugs, 34: 1-24. [
DOI:10.2165/00003495-198734010-00001]
11. Gonagle, L.S., M. Goldstein, J. Feldschuh and R.H. Foote. 2002. The influence of cryoprotective media and processing procedure motility and migration of freeze-thawed human sperm. Asian Journal of Andrology, 4: 137-141.
12. Hallak, J., R.K. Sharma, C. Wellstead and A. Agarwal. 2000. Cryopreservation of human spermatozoa comparison of TEST-yolk buffer and glycerol. International Journal of Fertility and Women's Medicine, 45: 38-42.
13. Ijaz, A., A. Hussain, M. Aleem, M.S. Yousaf and H. Rehman. 2009. Butylated hydroxytoluene inclusion in semen extender improves the post-thawed semen quality of Nili-Ravi buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Theriogenology, 71: 1326-1329. [
DOI:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.12.023]
14. Jacyno, E., A. Kolodziej, M. Kamyczek, M. Kawecka, K. Dziadek and A. Pietruszka. 2007. Effect of L-carnitine supplementation on boar semen quality. Acta Veterinaria Brno, 76: 595-600. [
DOI:10.2754/avb200776040595]
15. Jeulin, C. and L.M. Lewin. 1996. Role of free L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine in post-gonadal maturation of mammalian spermatozoa. Human Reproduction Update, 2: 87-102. [
DOI:10.1093/humupd/2.2.87]
16. Leboeuf, B., B. Restall and S. Salamon. 2000. Production and storage of goat semen for artificial insemination. Animal Reproduction Science, 62: 113-141. [
DOI:10.1016/S0378-4320(00)00156-1]
17. Neuman, S.L., T.L. Lin and P.Y. Heste. 2002. The effect of dietary carnitine on semen traits of white Leghorn roosters. Poultry Science, 81: 495-503. [
DOI:10.1093/ps/81.4.495]
18. Owen, K.Q., J.L. Nelssen, R.D. Goodband, M.D. Tokach and K.G. Friesen. 2001. Effect of dietary l-carnitine on growth performance and body composition in nursery and growing-finishing pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 79: 1509-1515. [
DOI:10.2527/2001.7961509x]
19. Parks, J.E. and J.K. Gaham. 1992. Effects of cryopreservation procedures on sperm membranes. Theriogenology, 38: 209-222. [
DOI:10.1016/0093-691X(92)90231-F]
20. Sarica, S., M. Corduk, M. Suicmez, F. Cedden, M. Yildirim and K. Kiline. 2007. The effect of dietary L-carnitine supplementation on semen traits, reproductive parameters and testicular histology of Japanese quail breeders. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 16: 178-186. [
DOI:10.1093/japr/16.2.178]
21. Sariozkan, S., S. Ozdamar, F. Canturk and A. Yay. 2014. In vitro effects of L-carnitine and glutamine on motility, acrosomal abnormality and plasma membrane integrity of rabbit sperm during liquid-storage. Cryobiology, 68: 349-353. [
DOI:10.1016/j.cryobiol.2014.04.006]
22. Sharma, R.K. and Agarwal A. 1996. Role of reactive oxygen species in male infertility. Urology, 48: 835-50. [
DOI:10.1016/S0090-4295(96)00313-5]
23. Surai P.E., E. Blesbois, I. Grasseau, T. Chalah, J.P. Brillard, G.J. Wishart, S. Cerolini and N.H.C. Sparks. 1998. Fatty acid composition, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity and total antioxidant activity of avian semen. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B, 120: 527-533. [
DOI:10.1016/S0305-0491(98)10039-1]
24. Stradioli, G., L. Syll, R. Zelli, P. Chiodi, M. Monaci. 2004. Effect of L-carnitine administration on the seminal characteristics of oligoasthenospermic stallions, Theriogeuology, 62: 761-777. [
DOI:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2003.11.018]
25. Vicari, E. and A.E. Calogero. 2001. Effects of treatment with carnitine in infertile patients with prostate-vesiculo-epididymis. Human Reproduction, 16: 2338-2342. [
DOI:10.1093/humrep/16.11.2338]
26. Yalcin, S., A. Ergun, H. Erol, B. Ozsoy and I. Onbasilar. 2004. The usage of l-carnitine and humates in laying hen and quail diets. Proceeding of World's Poultry Congress and Exhibition Istanbul, Turkey. June 8-13. 530 pp.
27. Zare, Z., H. Eimani, M. Mohammadi, M. Mofid and H. Dashtnavard. 2010. The Effect of Orally Administered L-carnitine on Testis Tissue, Sperm Parameters and Daily Sperm Production in Adult Mice. Yakhteh Medical Journal, 11: 382-389.