1- University of Tabriz
2- University of Urmia
2- University of Urmia
Abstract: (245 Views)
Introduction: Wheat is one of the most important food products in human and livestock nutrition, but the use of wheat in poultry diets may have limitations. Wheat contains a significant amount of starch and protein, which is used as a source of energy and protein in poultry diets. But it should be noted that wheat contains non-starch polysaccharides such as beta-glucan and arabinoglucan, which can affect the digestion and absorption of nutrients. Non-starch polysaccharides in wheat can have negative effects on poultry performance due to their anti-nutritional properties (Kianfar et al., 2013). In addition, polysaccharides can interfere with digestive enzymes and reduce their activity, which leads to reduced feed efficiency, reduced growth rate and poorer performance of poultry (Kianfar et al., 2013). Therefore, reducing the negative effects of non-starch polysaccharides in diets containing wheat through the use of methods such as the addition of enzymes (Moftakharzadeh et al., 2019) or processing (Kianfar et al., 2013) or the use of plant oil extracts (Parvari et al., 2022 Valizadeh et al., 2018) and antibiotics (Piroz et al., 2021) have been proven to optimize poultry health and performance. According to the proposed properties of bran, it seems that this substance can moderate the negative effects of non-starch polysaccharides in wheat-based diets. The use of natural additives in poultry diets is growing in the world. These compounds improve the performance of animals and poultry without any adverse and residual effects as growth stimulants. Therefore, many researchers are trying to find natural food additives such as Propolis for poultry diets to improve health and performance. The beeswax, known as Bee glue or Propolis in the world, is of Greek origin and the word Propolis is composed of two components Pro meaning defense and Polis meaning city or, but English is preferred and Pro Polis means guardian. Propolis is a mixture of different amounts of beeswax and resins collected by bees from plants, especially young flowers and leaves. The bees scrape the protective resin of the bud and flower bud with their jaws and carry it like a pollen seed on their hind legs in a basket. While collecting propolis resins, some saliva and other secretions of bees and wax are mixed. The main composition of propolis varies depending on the location, time of collection and method of production, including 45-55% resins, 25-35% wax and fatty acids, 10% volatile oil, 2% flower pollen and the other 2 percent is organic compounds, vitamins and minerals such as silver, sodium, mercury, copper, manganese, iron, calcium, vanadium and silica. Resins form the bulk of the flavonoids found along with a number of phenols and acids. Propolis contains high levels of flavonoids that have pharmacological and physiological effects. Propolis volatile oils have antimicrobial and antifungal activity. Recent research has shown that propolis, due to its unique diversity of constituents (especially polyphenols), not only has antioxidant effects, but can also regulate inflammatory pathways, immune system function, intestinal microbiome population, and gastrointestinal permeability (Jalali et al. al., 2020; Wang et al., 2016; Xue et al., 2019).
Materials and method: This experiment was performed using 150 Ross 308 broiler chicks in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement (2 levels of enzyme and 3 levels propolis) with 6 treatments and 5 replicates and 5 chicks per replicate. For this purpose, different diets based on wheat were formulated for starter, grower and finisher periods, then added to the diet of each group of chickens one of the enzymes and propolis. The experimental treatments were: 1) control diet based on wheat 2) control diet + 500 ppm enzyme 3) control diet + 250 ppm propolis, 4) control diet + 500 ppm propolis, 5) control diet + 250 ppm propolis and 500 ppm enzyme, 6) control diet + 500 ppm propolis and 500 ppm enzyme. In different weeks of breeding, performance parameters such as feed intake and body weight were measured. At the end of the trial, blood parameters, immune function, protein, dry matter, ash and energy digestibility were measured.
Results and discussion: The results of this study showed that propolis at a level of 500 ppm with and without enzymes significantly reduced feed intake (P <0.05). Birds fed diet contain enzyme had the highest feed intake (P <0.05). The effect of propolis on weight gain was significant (P <0.05). The highest weight gain and the highest live weight were observed in birds fed with 500 ppm propolis. The effect of enzyme on weight gain was significant (P <0.05). Birds fed diet contain enzyme had higher body weight gain. The interaction of enzymes and propolis on weight gain was significant (P <0.05). Birds that received the ration containing 500 ppm propolis and enzymes had the highest weight gain. The enzyme and propolis significantly reduced the feed conversion ratio (P<0.05). The interaction of enzyme and propolis on the feed conversion ratio was significant (P <0.05). The lowest feed conversion ratio was observed in enzyme-containing diet and 500 ppm propolis. At the main levels, only significant effect was observed on immunoglobulin M with 250 mg/kg propolis, and on the secondary immunoglobulin G using the enzyme. On the interactive surfaces only 500 mg / kg of propolis and the enzyme have the highest levels of secondary immunoglobulin G, and then the enzyme-containing ration contains a high level of immunoglobulin G.
Conclusion: the results of this study indicated that the use of propolis and enzyme in the diet improved the performance of broiler chickens and enhanced feed conversion ratio. The best performance of the birds was achieved with the use of 500 mg of propolis per kilogram of diet. Although propolis at the level of 500 mg per kilogram alone did not perform as well as the enzyme, the birds that received 500 mg of propolis showed better performance compared to the group that did not receive the enzyme. The simultaneous use of 500 mg of propolis and enzyme in the wheat-based diet resulted in the best performance.
Materials and method: This experiment was performed using 150 Ross 308 broiler chicks in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement (2 levels of enzyme and 3 levels propolis) with 6 treatments and 5 replicates and 5 chicks per replicate. For this purpose, different diets based on wheat were formulated for starter, grower and finisher periods, then added to the diet of each group of chickens one of the enzymes and propolis. The experimental treatments were: 1) control diet based on wheat 2) control diet + 500 ppm enzyme 3) control diet + 250 ppm propolis, 4) control diet + 500 ppm propolis, 5) control diet + 250 ppm propolis and 500 ppm enzyme, 6) control diet + 500 ppm propolis and 500 ppm enzyme. In different weeks of breeding, performance parameters such as feed intake and body weight were measured. At the end of the trial, blood parameters, immune function, protein, dry matter, ash and energy digestibility were measured.
Results and discussion: The results of this study showed that propolis at a level of 500 ppm with and without enzymes significantly reduced feed intake (P <0.05). Birds fed diet contain enzyme had the highest feed intake (P <0.05). The effect of propolis on weight gain was significant (P <0.05). The highest weight gain and the highest live weight were observed in birds fed with 500 ppm propolis. The effect of enzyme on weight gain was significant (P <0.05). Birds fed diet contain enzyme had higher body weight gain. The interaction of enzymes and propolis on weight gain was significant (P <0.05). Birds that received the ration containing 500 ppm propolis and enzymes had the highest weight gain. The enzyme and propolis significantly reduced the feed conversion ratio (P<0.05). The interaction of enzyme and propolis on the feed conversion ratio was significant (P <0.05). The lowest feed conversion ratio was observed in enzyme-containing diet and 500 ppm propolis. At the main levels, only significant effect was observed on immunoglobulin M with 250 mg/kg propolis, and on the secondary immunoglobulin G using the enzyme. On the interactive surfaces only 500 mg / kg of propolis and the enzyme have the highest levels of secondary immunoglobulin G, and then the enzyme-containing ration contains a high level of immunoglobulin G.
Conclusion: the results of this study indicated that the use of propolis and enzyme in the diet improved the performance of broiler chickens and enhanced feed conversion ratio. The best performance of the birds was achieved with the use of 500 mg of propolis per kilogram of diet. Although propolis at the level of 500 mg per kilogram alone did not perform as well as the enzyme, the birds that received 500 mg of propolis showed better performance compared to the group that did not receive the enzyme. The simultaneous use of 500 mg of propolis and enzyme in the wheat-based diet resulted in the best performance.
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