1- Urmia University
2- Mashahd
3- Massey University
2- Mashahd
3- Massey University
Abstract: (18 Views)
Introduction and Objective: One of the main challenges to poultry production is the high cost of feedstuffs in the country, on the one hand, the dependence of the poultry production on corn and especially soybean meal as a source of protein, creates a demand for cheap alternative products. Therefore, the use of non-consumable by-products of poultry slaughterhouses in human nutrition is an important approach to reduce production costs. According to studies, it has been proven that this by-product is a rich source of energy, amino acids, minerals, calcium, phosphorus, unsaturated fatty acids and vitamin B12, and in many countries it is used as a protein source in the diet of monogastric animals. Also, the use of these production wastes in poultry feed will play an important role in reducing environmental pollution. Therefore, with the expansion of the poultry industry, the use of poultry by-product meal (PBM) as a potential effective substitute for other protein sources such as soybean meal can be used in feeding broilers. However, the defatting process of PBM is rarely carried out in the country's poultry slaughterhouses, resulting in a high fat content. But despite this, PBM has a high fat content. Therefore, the use of this by-product in the diet of broilers will have a negative effect on the physical pellet quality (PPQ) of feed. Among the feedstuffs used in the diets, wheat with the ability to absorb water and denature a part of its protein (gluten) may have an effective role in the quality of pellet feed. However, due to the fact that no study has been conducted to evaluate the effect of wheat and PBM on the quality of pelleted feed and the performance of broiler chickens, this experiment was conducted.
Material and Methods: In the present research, in the first experiment, in order to evaluate the PPQ, was determined in a Holmen Pellet Tester for Pellet durability index (PDI) and the Pellet hardness (as Kilogram) was evaluated using a Kahl device (AMANDUS Kahl) respectively. In the second experiment, a total of 450, one-day-old male broilers (Ross 308 strain) were obtained from a commercial hatchery and were weighted and distributed at the beginning of the trial and randomly placed in 45-floor pens (10 birds/pen; 0.10 m2/bird). The research was conducted as a 3 x 3 factorial experiment with 3 levels of wheat and 3 levels of poultry meat powder in a completely randomized design with 5 replications and 10 chicken pieces per replication. In order to prevent the spoilage of PBM, for each ton after drying, 200 grams of synthetic antioxidant (containing butylhydroxytoluene and butylhydroxyanisole) and 5 kilograms of disinfectant (brand name Formafide based on slow-release formaldehyde) were added to the mixer to prevent secondary contamination, and mixed for 5 minutes. Pen and feed weights were recorded to determine Feed Intake, Body Wight gain and Feed Conversion Ratio were recorded on a pen basis at the end of each period. intestinal morphology and cecal microbial population were measured. The data obtained from the present study were calculated using SAS statistical software and the GLM procedure for statistical analysis.
Results: The results showed that the treatments have an effect on the PDI and hardness (P<0.05). The use of PBM led to a decrease the PDI in the starter and grower diets significantly (P < 0.001). The interaction effects of wheat with PBM increased the PDI in starter and grower diets significantly (P<0.05). The main effect of different levels of PBM did not affect the average daily feed consumption in the whole period (P<0.05). The inclusion of 20% wheat compared to the control treatment significantly increased the feed intake (P<0.05 The interaction effects of PBM and wheat on the average daily feed consumption during the period were significant (P<0.05). The obtained results showed that the inclusion of different levels of PBM and wheat during the period had no significant difference on weight gain (P<0.05). The results showed that different levels of PBM had no effect on the feed conversion ratio in the whole period compared to the control treatment (P<0.05). While the level of 2% compared to 4% improved the feed conversion ratio (P<0.05). The results of the research showed that wheat has a significant positive effect on the Villus height (P<0.05) and on the other hand, the microbial population of Escherichia coli bacteria decreased significantly with the increase in wheat level (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Overall, the results showed that the inclusion of PBM as a protein source, considering the economic conditions and the high price of vegetable protein sources, especially soybean meal, can be a suitable alternative up to 4%. Also, the inclusion of wheat in the diet not only as a suitable pellet binder, but also significantly increased the villus height and ratio of the villus height to the depth of the crypt in the first two parts of the small intestine. On the other hand, in order to reduce the population of harmful bacteria such as Escherichia coli, it can play an effective role in improving the intestinal health of broiler chickens.
Material and Methods: In the present research, in the first experiment, in order to evaluate the PPQ, was determined in a Holmen Pellet Tester for Pellet durability index (PDI) and the Pellet hardness (as Kilogram) was evaluated using a Kahl device (AMANDUS Kahl) respectively. In the second experiment, a total of 450, one-day-old male broilers (Ross 308 strain) were obtained from a commercial hatchery and were weighted and distributed at the beginning of the trial and randomly placed in 45-floor pens (10 birds/pen; 0.10 m2/bird). The research was conducted as a 3 x 3 factorial experiment with 3 levels of wheat and 3 levels of poultry meat powder in a completely randomized design with 5 replications and 10 chicken pieces per replication. In order to prevent the spoilage of PBM, for each ton after drying, 200 grams of synthetic antioxidant (containing butylhydroxytoluene and butylhydroxyanisole) and 5 kilograms of disinfectant (brand name Formafide based on slow-release formaldehyde) were added to the mixer to prevent secondary contamination, and mixed for 5 minutes. Pen and feed weights were recorded to determine Feed Intake, Body Wight gain and Feed Conversion Ratio were recorded on a pen basis at the end of each period. intestinal morphology and cecal microbial population were measured. The data obtained from the present study were calculated using SAS statistical software and the GLM procedure for statistical analysis.
Results: The results showed that the treatments have an effect on the PDI and hardness (P<0.05). The use of PBM led to a decrease the PDI in the starter and grower diets significantly (P < 0.001). The interaction effects of wheat with PBM increased the PDI in starter and grower diets significantly (P<0.05). The main effect of different levels of PBM did not affect the average daily feed consumption in the whole period (P<0.05). The inclusion of 20% wheat compared to the control treatment significantly increased the feed intake (P<0.05 The interaction effects of PBM and wheat on the average daily feed consumption during the period were significant (P<0.05). The obtained results showed that the inclusion of different levels of PBM and wheat during the period had no significant difference on weight gain (P<0.05). The results showed that different levels of PBM had no effect on the feed conversion ratio in the whole period compared to the control treatment (P<0.05). While the level of 2% compared to 4% improved the feed conversion ratio (P<0.05). The results of the research showed that wheat has a significant positive effect on the Villus height (P<0.05) and on the other hand, the microbial population of Escherichia coli bacteria decreased significantly with the increase in wheat level (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Overall, the results showed that the inclusion of PBM as a protein source, considering the economic conditions and the high price of vegetable protein sources, especially soybean meal, can be a suitable alternative up to 4%. Also, the inclusion of wheat in the diet not only as a suitable pellet binder, but also significantly increased the villus height and ratio of the villus height to the depth of the crypt in the first two parts of the small intestine. On the other hand, in order to reduce the population of harmful bacteria such as Escherichia coli, it can play an effective role in improving the intestinal health of broiler chickens.
Keywords: Soybean meal, animal protein sources, diet, pellet durability index, pellet binder, Escherichia coli bacteria, intestinal villi
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