2024-03-29T11:27:03+03:30 http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/browse.php?mag_id=13&slc_lang=fa&sid=1
13-624 2024-03-29 10.1002
Research On Animal Production rap 2251-8622 2676-461X 10.61186/rap 2016 7 13 Effect of Wheat Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles and Enzyme on Blood Components and Productive Indices of Laying Hens Ebrahim Fallah Nomali Hasan Kermanshahi Abdolmansour Tahmasbi Hasan Nassiri Moghaddam Ali Gilani Wheat distillers dried grains with solubles (WDDGS) is a by-product that can be an alternative feed ingredient for poultry. However, WDDGS contains non-starch polysaccharides which limit its dietary inclusion. The objective of the current experiment was to evaluate the effect of WDDGS with or without Endofeed W® as a commercial enzyme on laying hens. A 5×2 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design with 4 replicates consisting of 5 levels of WDDGS (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%) and 2 levels of Endofeed W® (0 and 0.05%) were evaluated. Ten mash diets were fed to 320 commercial Hy-Line W-36 hens from 51 weeks of age for 12 weeks. Each experimental unit consisted of two cages with four birds each. Feed intake, body weight, egg production and egg quality characteristics were monitored during the trial. Hens fed diets including WDDGS produced eggs lower on the Roche Yolk Color Fan scale. Endofeed W® significantly improved overall feed efficiency and daily egg mass. There was no significant effect of WDDGS, Endofeed W® or their interaction on hen-day egg production, egg weight, egg specific gravity, shell weight percentage, shell thickness and percentage of soft-shelled and cracked or broken eggs. Also, the activity of serum AST, ALT, LDH and BUN were not affected by dietary treatments. Exogenous Enzyme Laying Hens Performance WDDGS 2016 8 01 8 1 http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-624-en.pdf 10.18869/acadpub.rap.7.13.8
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Research On Animal Production rap 2251-8622 2676-461X 10.61186/rap 2016 7 13 Effects of Energy and Digestible Methionine Level in Diet on Performance and Reproductive Traits of Arian Broiler Breeder Hens during Production Period Kazem Yousefi Kalarikolaie Seyyed Abdollah Hosseini Mazyar Mohiti Asli Hossein Yousefi Kalarikolaie Amin Meymandipour      A 28-week experiment was conducted to study the effects of dietary energy and digestible methionine level on performance and reproductive traits of broiler breeder hens, using 280 Arian broiler breeder hens and 20 males at 26 weeks of age. The experiment was done as 2×2 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 5 replicates. Dietary treatments were formulated with 2 levels of energy (2740 and 2540 kcal/kg) and 2 levels of digestible methionine (0.25 and 0.28%).  Dietary energy level had no significant effect on egg production, egg weight and feed conversion ratio, but hens were received lower energy level had a lower daily weight gain compared to the hens received recommended energy level (P<0.05). Egg production, feed conversion ratio and body weight gain of this hens didn’t affected by digestible methionine level. Hatchability was lower (P<0.001) in eggs produced by hens fed normal energy diet than those fed the diet with lower energy level. Also, decreasing energy intake increased fertility and grade one chicks (P<0.001). Dietary digestible methionine level had no effect on hatchability and fertility traits. Results indicate that diet with 2540 kcal metabolizable energy could be used for Arian broiler breeder hens without any adverse effect on performance and reproductive traits. Broiler breeder Digestible methionine Energy Fertility Hatchability Performance 2016 8 01 15 9 http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-625-en.pdf 10.18869/acadpub.rap.7.13.15
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Research On Animal Production rap 2251-8622 2676-461X 10.61186/rap 2016 7 13 The Impacts of Different Levels of Cinnamon Powder (Cinnamomum veru) on Performance, Blood Metabolites and Inner Organs Weight of Broilers Kayvan Shirzadegan Vahid Rezaeipour The purpose of this research was to study the addition of cinnamon powder in diet, on productive performance, blood metabolites and inner organs weight of broiler chickens. Therefore, an experiment was carried out with two hundred and twenty five male broiler chicks Ross 308 in form of a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and three replicates during 42 days. Treatments were involving: 1- control group (basal diet without any additive), 2- basal diet plus 0.1 % cinnamon powder, 3- basal diet plus 0.2 % cinnamon powder, 4- basal diet plus 0.3 % cinnamon powder, 5- basal diet plus 0.5 % cinnamon powder. The results of this research showed that cinnamon powder has no significant effect on the blood cholesterol, triglyceride and caecum levels plus percentage of pancreas weight (P>0.05). Whereas, addition of cinnamon powder induced significant effects on the glucose, LDL, AST, ALT, TBA and some of the inner organs weight percent such as liver and abdominal fat (P<0.05). According to the results, the highest TBA number was related to control treatment and the lowest was also related to treatment 4. Moreover, the highest and the lowest glucose level were belong to 0.5 % and control groups respectively, and the highest LDL and AST levels and the lowest ALT levels were also belong to 0.3 % cinnamon powder treatment. Furthermore, according to addition of this medicine herb into diet was affected the broilers performance from 1 to 42 days old (P<0.05), so that, at 42 days old the highest feed conversion ratio and the lowest weight gain were related to 0.5 % treatment. In respecting on the 42 days, the broilers performance was decreased through additive received groups than control group, as a result addition of cinnamon powder in aforementioned levels should be have caution in broiler chicks. Broiler chickens Cinnamon powder Medicinal plants Performance 2016 8 01 23 16 http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-626-en.pdf 10.18869/acadpub.rap.7.13.23
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Research On Animal Production rap 2251-8622 2676-461X 10.61186/rap 2016 7 13 Effect of Dietary Garlic Powder or Fresh Ground Garlic on Performance and Immune Response of Broiler Chickens Asma Mokhtari Mohammad Reza Akbari Ebrahim Asadi Khoshoei      In order to evaluate effect of dietary garlic powder or fresh ground garlic on performance and immune response of broiler chickens, 240 male one-day-old broiler chicks (ROSS 308) were used in a completely randomized design with six treatments of four replicates each. Six is ocaloric and is onitrogenous dietary treatments were prepared as follow: 1) basal diet (control), 2) basal diet + 10 ppm avilamycin, 3) basal diet + 0.25% garlic powder, 4) basal diet + 0.25% fresh ground garlic; 5) basal diet + 0.5% garlic powder and 6) basal diet + 0.5% fresh ground garlic. Feed consumption and weight gain were recorded weekly and feed efficiency was calculated. On d 42, two birds from each replicate were euthanized by cervical dislocation. Digestive organs, spleen and bursa of Fabricius were weighed separately. Differentiate leucocytes counts as well as PCV measurement was also done using two blood smears from each replicate on d 40. For evaluation of cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) response, phytohemagglutininwas injected into toe webon d 40.No significant difference were observed on feed consumption, weight gain, and feed to gain ratio, among treatment groups (p>0.05). Supplementation of the diet with 0.25% fresh ground garlic significantly reduced heterophils to lymphocytes ratio in contrast to control group (p<0.05). Dietary supplementation with avilamycin or 0.25% fresh ground garlic, significantly reduced CBH response at 12 hrs post injection, compared to control group (p<0.05). It seems that garlic powder (0.5% of the diet) would be able to attenuate stress in broiler chickens. Furthermore, regarding CBH response, it seems that dietary fresh ground garlic (0.25% of the diet) would be effective in reducing gallery reactions. Broiler Chickens Fresh Garlic Garlic Powder Immune Response Performance 2016 8 01 31 24 http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-627-en.pdf 10.18869/acadpub.rap.7.13.31
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Research On Animal Production rap 2251-8622 2676-461X 10.61186/rap 2016 7 13 Effect of Different Levels of Purslane Seed (Portulaca Oleracea) on Performance and Some Egg Characteristics in Laying Hens Mosayeb Shallai Seyyed Mohammad Hosseini This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different levels of purslane seeds on the production performance, some egg characteristics and blood and yolk cholesterol and triglyceride levels, in different periods of laying hens. The experiment was done on hay-line strain (w36) from 32 to 42 weeks using a completely randomized design with 3 treatments, 4 replicate and 8 hens in each replicate. The experimental diets were, 1- basal diet (Control), 2-Treatment containing 1% purslane seed and 3-Treatment containing 2% purslane seed. The results showed that egg weights were significantly increased in the treatment having 1% purslane seed (P<0.05). Percent of the egg production in the hens fed 2% purslane seed was significantly increased compared to the control group (P<0.05). The egg mass in the groups receiving purslane seed showed a significant increase (P<0.05). The feed conversion ratio was also improved by consumption of purslane seeds (P<0.05). Egg characteristics were not significantly affected by dietary treatments. Consequently the level of 1% purslane seed have positive effect on egg weight and level of 2% purslane seed improves egg mass and feed conversion ratio in laying hens. Egg characteristics Laying hens Performance Purslane seed Yolk cholesterol 2016 8 01 39 32 http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-628-en.pdf 10.18869/acadpub.rap.7.13.39
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Research On Animal Production rap 2251-8622 2676-461X 10.61186/rap 2016 7 13 The Effect of Four Barley Cultivars in Whole and Ground Forms on Performance, Nutrients Digestibility and Blood Lipid Parameters of Broiler Chickens Mohammad Malekzadeh Mir Daryoush Shakouri This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of barley cultivars and their feeding form on performance, jejunal digesta viscosity, nutrients digestibility and blood parameters of broiler chickens. A total of 512 day-old chicks (Ross 308), as mixed sex, were assigned to experimental treatments using a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement (4×2) for a period of 42 days. Barley cultivars were Dasht, Sahra, CB-74-2 and Makoei and feeding forms were in whole and ground as well. According to the results, barley cultivar had no significant effect on broilers performance and feeding whole grain increased feed intake and feed conversion ratio of the birds (P<0.05). On day 28, the highest amount of jejunal digesta viscosity (P<0.05) and the lowest digestibility of organic matter and energy (P<0.001) were observed by CB-74-2 and Sahra cultivars, respectively. The birds receiving Makoei cultivar had the highest level of triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and VLDL-cholesterol in their sera at 24 days of age (P<0.0001). Ingestion of whole grain increased total and LDL-cholesterol and decreased HDL-cholesterol levels of the sera (P<0.01). Based on the results, while the barley cultivars showed different effects on some studied parameters, they had similar influence on broiler growth performance and their whole feeding form failed to improve the birds' performance. Barley cultivar Broiler chickens Jejunal digesta viscosity Nutrient digestibility Performance Whole grain 2016 8 01 48 40 http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-629-en.pdf 10.18869/acadpub.rap.7.13.48
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Research On Animal Production rap 2251-8622 2676-461X 10.61186/rap 2016 7 13 Estimation of the Relative Bioavailability of Different Zinc Sources in Broiler Chickens Fed by Semi-Puirfeid Diets Mahmood Sahraei Hossein Janmohammadi      An experiment was conducted to estimate the bioavailability and evaluation chemical properties of different zinc sources such as zinc sulfate, zinc oxide A, zinc oxide B and Bioplex Zn in broiler chickens fed by semi-puirfeid diets., At first, for chemical and solubility evaluation of different zinc sources in different solvents based on standards methods, 3 samples each containing 1 and 0.1 g, respectively, were used the results showed that zinc concentration is varied from 15 % in Bioplex Zn to 75 % in zinc oxide A. The highest solubility about 100 % obtained in the double distilled water, 0.4% HCL and 2 % citric acid is related to zinc sulfate but the lowest solubility observed in the double distilled water, 0.4% hydrochloric acid and 2 % citric acid is related to Bioplex Zn. In the following, for study the bioavailability of different zinc sources, of a 13 semi-purified diets supplemented by 50,100 or 150 mg of different zinc sources per kg of diet in feeding of 260 Ross-308 male broiler chickens in completely randomized design with 4 replicates and 6 birds per each in cage system from 8-21days of age were used. For estimation of relative bioavailability slope ratio method was used. In this method relative bioavailability of different zinc sources, calculated by dividing of regression equation coefficient to regression equation coefficient of zinc sulfate as a standard sources. The highest bioavailability value, based on weight gain, was obtained in diets supplemented by 100 mg zinc oxide A and B, but the highest bioavailability value for Bioplex Zn was found in 50 mg zinc supplemented per kg of basal diet (P<0.05). The highest amount of zinc bioavailability based on tibia zinc concentration was obtained in 50 mg zinc supplemented per kg of diet with zinc oxide A, but according to the zinc concentration in liver and pancreas, the highest value were seen in basal diet supplemented whit 100 mg Bioplex Zn per kg of diets (P<0.05). Bioavailability Broiler chicken Semi-puirfeid diet Solubility Zinc 2016 8 01 59 49 http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-630-en.pdf 10.18869/acadpub.rap.7.13.59
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Research On Animal Production rap 2251-8622 2676-461X 10.61186/rap 2016 7 13 Single or Combined Effects of Prebiotic and Probiotic on Performance, Immunity Response and Gut Flora of Broiler Chickens Hossein Ebrahimi Mohammad Houshmand Mokhtar Khajavi Asghar Naghiha      In order to investigate the effects of probiotic, prebiotic and a mixture of these feed additives (at different ratio) on the performance, immunity response and cecal microflora of broiler chickens, in a complete random design, a total of 360 ond-day-old broiler chicks (Cobb 500) were randomly distributed among 6 experimental treatments with four replicates. Experimental treatments (diets) were: 1- a basal diet without any additive, as control (Ctrl) 2- basal diet added with prebiotic (Pre) 3- basal diet added with probiotic (Pro) 4- basal diet added with a mixture of probiotic and prebiotic at ratio of 1:1 (M1), 5- basal diet added with a mixture of probiotic and prebiotic at ratio of 2:1 (M2), 6- basal diet added with a mixture of probiotic and prebiotic at ratio of 1:2 (M3). Probiotic and prebiotic were added to diets in amounts as recommended by producer. During 42 d rearing period, birds were fed starter and grower diets form 1 to 21 and 22 to 42 days of age, respectively. Performance traits were measured weekly. On d 21 and 42, one bird from each replicate pen, was slaughtered and cecal content was collected, under sterile condition, to determine the E. coli and Lactobacillus count. In addition, immunity respose to SRBC was measured at the end of the experiment. Data were subjected to one way analysis of variance, by SAS sotware. The results indicated that in the starter phase, birds fed diets M1 or M3 achieved more gain compared to the control group (P<0.05). At the same time, feeding with M1 diet resulted in a better FCR than the control group (P<0.05). Significant differences were not observed for performance traits in the finisher phase or whole period (1-42 d of age) of the experiment. All supplemented diets had more total antibody titer against SRBC compared to the control group, at the end of the experiment (P<0.05). Also, IgM titer was higher in all supplemented treatments (except for Pre) relative to the control group (P<0.05). On d 21, lactobacillus number was higher in Pre, M1 and M3 treatments than the control (P<0.05). Also, at the end of the experiment, all supplemented tretments (except for Pre) had higher count of lactobasillus compared to the control group (P<0.05). On d 21, E. coli count was significantly not influenced by experimental treatments, but significant reductions in E. coli content were observed for Pre and M1 treatments compared to the control group at 42 d of age (P<0.05). Broiler Gut microflora Immunity response Prebiotics Performance Probiotics 2016 8 01 69 60 http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-631-en.pdf 10.18869/acadpub.rap.7.13.69
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Research On Animal Production rap 2251-8622 2676-461X 10.61186/rap 2016 7 13 Effect of Different Levels of Earthworm Meal (Eisenia Fetida) on Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Blood Parameters of Broiler Chickens Hamid Gholami Mahmoud Shams Shargh Mehdi Zarabi Saeeid Zerehdaran      Current experiment was conducted to determine the effect of different levels of earthworm meal (Eisenia fetida) on performance, carcass characteristics and blood parameters of broiler chickens. For this purpose, a completely randomized design with four levels of earthworm meal as treatments (0, 2%, 4% and 6%) using 96 day old Ross male chicks were performed. Each treatment consisted of 4 replicates with 6 chickens in each replicate. Chickens were fed the dietary treatments for 6 weeks. At the end of the experiment (d 42), two birds from each replicate were slaughtered. The results indicated that, dietary supplementation with 2% of earthworm meal is significantly increased body weight and feed intake (P<0.05), while it has no effect on feed conversion ratio. Breast percentage of chickens fed by 2,4 and 6% of earthworm meal was significantly higher than control group (P<0.05). Using earthworm meal was not effective on other carcass characteristics (carcass, thigh and abdominal fat percent). Chickens fed earthworm meal showed significantly lower LDL and higher HDL levels compared to control group (P<0.05). According to present results, supplementation of diets with 2% of earthworm meal increased final body weight, feed intake, breast percentage and HDL level and decreased LDL level in the blood of broiler chickens. Blood parameters Broiler Carcass characteristics Earthworm meal Performance 2016 8 01 76 70 http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-632-en.pdf 10.18869/acadpub.rap.7.13.76
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Research On Animal Production rap 2251-8622 2676-461X 10.61186/rap 2016 7 13 Effects of Dietary Vermi-humus in Comparison to Virginiamycin on Performance and Small Intestinal Morphometric Parameters in Japanese Quails Mosab Ahmadi Mohammad Amir Karimi Torshizi      This experiment was conducted in order to compare the effects of different levels of humic acid and virginiamycin on performance and intestinal morphometeric parameters of Japanese quails. A number of 280 Japanese quails were allocated to 7 treatments with 4 replicates and 10 birds in each replicate in a randomized complete block design. Birds of group 1 as a control were fed by control diet. For 2 to 6 treatments, six levels of vermi-humus (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1%) was considered and birds of treatment 7 were fed by 0.15% virginiamycin supplemented diet. The lowest and the highest feed conversion ratio was related to 0.6 % vermi-humus and virginiamycin, respectively. Dietary supplemention of different levels of vermi-humus did not influenced the small intestine absolute and it’s relative length. The longest villus height in duodenum, jejunum and ileum were observed in 0.6%, 0.4% and 1% vermi-humus, respectively and the shortest villus height in duodenum and ileum was related to birds that fed virginiamycin (P<0.05). Villus width did not affected by administered treatments. The crypt depth of duodenum and ileum was decreased in all experimental treatments in comparison to control group (P<0.05). The highest and the lowest villus index of three intestinal segments were related to 0.6% vermi-humus and control treatments, respectively. The duodenum and ileum villus surface area did not affected by experimental treatments,while the highest jejunum villus surface area was observed in 0.8 % vermi-humus. According to the positive effects of vermi-humus at level of 0.6 % on villus index and bird’s performance, this level can be used as an alternative to antibiotics that would improve intestinal villi of birds along with beneficial effects to human health and environment. Antibiotic Intestinal morphology Japanese quails Vermi-humus 2016 8 01 86 77 http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-633-en.pdf 10.18869/acadpub.rap.7.13.86
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Research On Animal Production rap 2251-8622 2676-461X 10.61186/rap 2016 7 13 The Effects of Probiotic on Performance, Gut Morphology, Gut Microbial Count and Carcass Characteristics of Partridges Seyyed Mozafar Mehdizadeh Hooshang Lotfollahin Farhad Mirzaei Alireza Safamehr Omid Karimi An experiment was conducted under completely randomized design to study the effect of different levels of probiotic (500 and 1000g/feed for 1st phase (25 days) i.e. 35-60 days and at the levels of probiotic (250 and 500g/feed) as 2nd phase (50 days) i.e. 60-110 days. 90 rock partridges (35 day old) were randomly distributed into three treatments and five replicates (6 birds in each replicate) with feed and water ad libitum for 75 days. During experimental period, performance, gut microflora, gut morphology and carcass characteristics of rock partridges were studied. At the end of experiment, two birds were selected from each replicate randomly and slaughtered to study the gut microflora, gut morphology and carcass traits. The experimental diets were as follows: 1= Basal diets (without feed additives), 2= Diet suppl. with probiotic 500g/t feed, 3= Diet included with probiotic 1000g/t feed, 4= Diet contains probiotic 250g/t feed and 5= Diet included with probiotic 500g/t feed.  The results indicated that, during 1st phase (25d), the higher and the lower daily feed intake were significantly observed in diets containing probiotic at 1000g/t feed and control groups respectively (p<0.05). During 2nd phase, the higher and the lower daily feed intake were observed the partridges consumed diets supplemented with probiotic at 250g/t feed and control groups (p<0.05). Significantly the higher and the lower daily body weight gain of rock partridges were observed in diets containing probiotic at 1000 and 500g/t feed (p<0.05). Whereas, in the 2nd phase, the higher and the lower daily body weight gain of rock partridges were observed in groups with probiotic at 1000g/t feed and control groups(p<0.05).  Whereas, at the end of experiment (110d), the higher and the lower live weight of partridges were observed in diet contains probiotic at 500g/t feed and control groups (p<0.05).The higher width of (villi) crypt cells were observed in birds gut while, diets containing probiotics at 250g/feed and differences were significant (p<0.05). In conclusion, in case of length of (villi) crypt cells has not been shown any differences among experimental groups. The higher lactobacillus count was observed in diets supplemented with probiotics at 500g/t feed and differences were non-significant. Results also showed during of 1st phase and 2nd phase, application of probiotics had positive effects on gut microflora and increased feed intake, body weight gain and crypt depth too. Gut microflora Gut morphology Performance Probiotics and carcass characteristics 2016 8 01 92 87 http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-634-en.pdf 10.18869/acadpub.rap.7.13.92
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Research On Animal Production rap 2251-8622 2676-461X 10.61186/rap 2016 7 13 Evaluation of the Effect of Different Concentrations of Vitamin E and Selenium in Tris Extender on Sperm Quality of Arabic Ram Parvaneh Mohammadi Saleh Tabatabaei Vakili Morteza Mamouei Jamal Fayazi Mehdi Zarei      The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of levels of different vitamin E and selenium in tris extender on spermatozoa characteristics of Arabic ram. Semen collection was performed from 8 Arabic rams and mixed together. The mixed semen was divided in to 9 parts and after dilution with tris, different levels of selenium and vitamin E were added. This experiment was carried out in 3×3×4 factorial arrangement with the use of completely randomized design. Treatments were included the levels of vitamin E (0, 30 and 60 μg/ml), selenium (0, 2 and 4 μg/ml) and storage periods of semen (0, 2, 4 and 8 hours) in liquid condition under refrigerator temperature. The effects of vitamin E, selenium and storage time on spermatozoa quality were significant (P<0.05). Interaction effects of treatments showed that the highest progressive spermatozoa motility were in control and 2 μg/ml of selenium without vitamin E treatment. The lowest spermatozoa motility was in 2 μg/ml selenium plus 60 μg/ml vitamin E in time 8. In time 8, treatment with 60 μg/ml of vitamin E without selenium had the higher spermatozoa motility than control group in this time (P<0.05). The highest spermatozoa viability was in treatments containing 2 and 4 μg/ml of selenium without vitamin E in the time zero. The lowest viability of the spermatozoa was observed in time 8 of 4 μg/ml selenium plus 60 μg/ml vitamin E treatment (P<0.05). The lowest spermatozoa defects were in time zero of 60 μg/ml vitamin E without selenium treatment. The highest spermatozoa defects were in time 8 of control and 2 μg/ml of selenium plus 60 μg/ml of vitamin E treatments (P<0.05). Therefore, it is recommended the use of vitamin E and selenium antioxidants alone and not together in tris extender for storage of semen in Arabic ram. Arabic ram Liquid storage Selenium Semen characteristics Vitamin E 2016 8 01 99 93 http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-635-en.pdf 10.18869/acadpub.rap.7.13.99
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Research On Animal Production rap 2251-8622 2676-461X 10.61186/rap 2016 7 13 A Stochastic Simulation Study on Effect of Herd Size, Semen Type, Overlapping Generation and Breeding Goal on Genetic Gain in Holstein Dairy Cows Hadi Faraji Arough Ali Asghar Aslaminejad Mojtaba Tahmoorespur Mohammad Rokouei Mohammad Mehdi Shariati The effects of herd size, semen type, generation overlapping and breeding goal on genetic gain in Holstein cows were studied through stochastic simulation. Three levels of herd size (100, 200, and 400), two levels of semen type (unsexed and sexed), three levels of generation overlapping (low, average and high) and two levels of breeding goal (narrow and broad) were combined together to make 36 scenarios. A base population of 5000 cows recorded for 6 traits (milk, fat and protein production, age at first calving, calving interval and somatic cell score) were simulated for 30 years. Each year 50 young bulls, 10 active sires and 200 bull dams were selected from the population based on economical selection index. The genetic gain changes, inbreeding rate and generation interval were examined for all scenarios. The results showed that genetic gain for broad breeding goal, unsexed semen, herd size 400 and low generation overlapping were higher by 0.6, 3.6, 0.4, 0.5 percent compared with narrow breeding goal, sexed semen, herd size 100 and high generation overlapping, respectively. Inbreeding changes for broad breeding goal, unsexed semen, herd size 100 and average generation overlapping were more than the other levels of these factors. Estimated breeding value for cow dams (CD) were 34.3 % higher when sexed semen was used compared with the unsexed semen. These results were suggested that broad breeding goal, large herd size, sexed semen and high generation overlapping should be noticed in Holstein selection programs. Dairy cattle Selection Herd size Semen type Stochastic simulation 2016 8 01 107 100 http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-636-en.pdf 10.18869/acadpub.rap.7.13.107
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Research On Animal Production rap 2251-8622 2676-461X 10.61186/rap 2016 7 13 The Effect of Top-dressing Glucose Precursores on Performance and Body Temperature Indices in Holstein Bull Calves during Heat Stress Mehdi Hossein Yazdi Hamid Amanlou Hamid Reza Mirzaei Alamutih Mohammad Taaher Harakinezhad Abolghasem Nabipour Ehsan Mahjoubi The experiment designed to evaluate the effects of a glycerol based supplemental product on growth and dry matter intake (DMI) in Holstein bull calves during controlled heat stress (HS). Before the start of the experiment, bull calves (n= 14, 163.6 ± 30.1 kg BW) were allocated to thermal neutral conditions [26.5 ± 3.4°C] for 7 d (period 1; P1). During this period, productive parameters as well as DMI is measured as covariate for the subsequent HS period. Following P1, a cyclical HS pattern was implemented for 21 d (P2) where daily ambient temperatures ranged from 29.1 to 39.7°C. During P2, half of the HS calves (n=7) received a control diet (CON) and the other half received the control diet supplemented with a product containing gluconeogenic precursors (GLU, 300 g/d)). Throughout each period feed and water intake were measured daily and respiration rate and rectal temperature were recorded at 0600, 1100 and 1500 h daily. The diet had no effect on DMI. Although HS markedly reduced growth as expected, supplemental GLU did not affect body weight gain. Supplemental GLU decreased respiratory rate at 1500 h (P < 0.0131). Our results show that feeding supplemental GLU did not improve growth performance in Holstein bull calves during HS. Bull Ca Daily Gain Glucose Precursors Heat Stress Intake 2016 8 01 115 108 http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-637-en.pdf 10.18869/acadpub.rap.7.13.115
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Research On Animal Production rap 2251-8622 2676-461X 10.61186/rap 2016 7 13 Investigation of Energy Efficiency on Zell Breed Sheep under Traditional Rangeland Based Husbandry (Case Study: Baladeh Rangelands) Iman Haghiyan Gholam Ali Heshmati Hossein Barani Jamshid Ghorbani Ghodratollah Heydari      To investigate energy efficiency on Zell breed sheep under traditional rangeland based husbandry, three pastoralists in three different villages of Baladeh regions were selected (Davillat,  Chell and Baladeh). All livestock activities such as grazing, racing, walking, water drinking and rest were recorded since the beginning of animal presence in the rangeland (15 April) to early April next year and energy consumption was estimated using Nicole’s coefficients and MAFF equations. For verification of these two methods, animal feedstuffs were assessed and their energy metabolism was determined. The results showed that there are five work periods in Baladeh traditional rangeland based husbandry that are different based on husbandry activities. After determining the metabolic energy of consumed feed, it was found that Nicole’s coefficients had better results in comparison to the MAFF equations, so all subsequent calculations were based on Nicole’s coefficients.Eventually, total energy consumption of husbandry process during a year was estimated as follow: Davillat = 789 132, Chell = 741830.85and Baladeh = 880641.2 MJ and the resulting energy of animal productions was estimated as follow: Davillat = 272600, Chell = 243750 and Baladeh = 334165 MJ. By dividing the resulting energy of animal productions to total energy consumption of husbandry process, energy efficiency in all three areas was calculated, so that energy efficiency in the Baladeh, Davillat and Chell was about 38, 34.5 and 33% respectively. Energy efficiency Traditional husbandry MAFF equations Nicole’s coefficients Baladeh 2016 8 01 126 116 http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-638-en.pdf 10.18869/acadpub.rap.7.13.126
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Research On Animal Production rap 2251-8622 2676-461X 10.61186/rap 2016 7 13 Effect of Oregano Essential Oil and Canola Oil on Apparent Digestibility, Ruminal pH and Ammonia and Carcass Quality Characteristics of Fattening Dalagh Lambs Hamed Shahabi Yadollah Chashnidel Asdollah Teimori Yansari Seyyed Ali Jafarpour To investigate the effects of oregano essential oil and canola oil on digestibility, ruminal pH and ammonia and carcass quality of fattening Dalagh lambs, an experiment was conducted with 16 lambs with an average live weight of 25±2 kg in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments (Control diet based on barley grain and corn silage without canola oil and oregano essential oil, control diet supplemented with 2 % canola oil, control diet supplemented with 2 % canola oil and 0.2 % oregano essential oil and diet supplemented with 0.2 % oregano essential oil) and 4 replicates for 80 days. Results indicated that the NDF digestibility (60.06, 54.77, 52.56 and 55.73 respectively) was significantly decreased in lambs fed diet containing canola oil and oregano essential oil. Concentration of ruminal ammonia had significantly decreased with adding oregano essential oil in level 0.2% to the diet. The results also showed that pH and index of meat light color not affected by dietary treatments, whereas color parameters (yellowness–redness) appeared to decrease in control treatment. Amount of thiobarbituric acid was lower in thigh meat stored for 63 days after slaughtering in group received oregano essential oil. According to the results, use of oregano essential oil had favorable effect on ruminal ammonia concentration and the oxidative stability of meat in a long time so it would be considered for storing meat in fridges. Ammonia Canola oil Carcass characteristics Meat stability Oregano essential oil 2016 8 01 135 127 http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-639-en.pdf 10.18869/acadpub.rap.7.13.135
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Research On Animal Production rap 2251-8622 2676-461X 10.61186/rap 2016 7 13 Determination of Breeding Objective and Economic Values for Dalagh Sheep in Extensive Rearing System Sima Savar Sofla Mokhtar Ali Abbasi Abdolah Kavian In this study, production, reproduction, management and economic parameters resulted from recording of 4 flocks with 1155 head of breeding ewes during annual cycle of production (August 2011 to August 2012) in extensive rearing system were used to determine the breeding objective and relative economic values for Dalagh sheep. To calculate the economic values for traits, the level of each trait for the flock was increased by 0.1 standard deviation, while all other traits were held at their mean value and changes in profit was as sum of the absolute economic value for all traits. To calculate the relative economic values, absolute economic value of each trait was divided by sum of the absolute economic value of all of traits. In the base situation, live weight or carcass weight was accounted as 87.45% of revenue and wool and milk accounted for the remaining 12.55%. Feeding and management costs (variable costs) represented about 75.50% and 22.30% of total cost respectively. Relative economic values were 15.49 for conception rate, 12.26 for ewe survival, 9.81 for lambing frequency,9.14 for litter size, -12.5 for weight of ewe, -2.61 for  replacement weight, 2.97 for weight of wool, 5.73 for weight of milk and 18.86 for 6-month  live weight. Breeding Objective Economic Weight Extensive Rearing System Dalagh Sheep 2016 8 01 142 136 http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-640-en.pdf 10.18869/acadpub.rap.7.13.142
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Research On Animal Production rap 2251-8622 2676-461X 10.61186/rap 2016 7 13 Simulation of Optimal Open Nucleus Breeding Schemes to Improve Growth Traits and Carcass Composition of Lori-Bakhtiari Lambs Heshmatollah Askari Hemmat Abdol Ahad Shadparvar Seyyed Reza Miraei Ashtiani Rasoul Vaez Torshizi      The objectives of this research were to simulate and optimize three open nucleus breeding schemes for improvement of growth traits and carcass composition in Lori-Bakhtiari lambs with 500 ewes in nucleus using a deterministic approach. These schemes were: scheme 1 with natural mating and mating ratio (M) of 50 ewes per ram in nucleus and member flocks (base), scheme 2 with artificial insemination in nucleus (M=250) and natural mating in base (M=50) and scheme 3 with artificial insemination in nucleus (M=250) and base (M=500). An economic selection index with accuracy of 0.42 was envisaged for base and one with accuracy of 0.67 for nucleus. Advantage of open nucleus over closed nucleus for schemes 1, 2 and 3 was different but optimal relative sizes and monetary genetic lags were 7.5, 5.7 and 8 percent, respectively. With equalization of the monetary genetic lags )sub-optimal( for schemes 1 and 2 being equal to the lag of optimum scheme 1, their base population sizes were 1.035 and 3.1 times the base size of optimum scheme 1 and their monetary genetic gains were 18.9 and 21.1 percent greater than the gain of the latter scheme, respectively. In the above sub-optimal situation, the base population size of scheme 3 was 3 times that of scheme 2, its monetary genetic gain being 1.91% greater. Shifting from traditional system with selection based on body weight at 6 months of age to schemes 1, 2 and 3 with same monetary genetic lags, the monetary genetic gain increased 84.3, 119.12 and 123.3 percent, respectively. However, due to the similarity of the monetary genetic gains of schemes 2 and 3 at the same monetary genetic lags and the higher practicability of scheme 2, implementation of this scheme for ease of initiation and promotion of the open nucleus breeding system was recommended. Breeding nucleus Deterministic simulation Lori-Bakhtiari Sheep Optimization Selection 2016 8 01 152 143 http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-641-en.pdf 10.18869/acadpub.rap.7.13.152
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Research On Animal Production rap 2251-8622 2676-461X 10.61186/rap 2016 7 13 Genetic Analysis of Raw and Energy-Corrected Test Day Milk Traits in Iranian First lactation Holstein Cows Mahshid Mohammadpanah Homayoun Farhangfar Moslem Bashtani This research was conducted with the aim of genetically analyzing of raw (RM) and energy-corrected (EC) test day milk in Iranian first lactation Holstein cows. A total of 774,013 test day records belonging to 88,456 first-parity Holsteins (three times milking a day) calving during 1997-2009 in 165 herds (six provinces) was used. Genetic analysis was carried out by a fixed regression test day model in which the effects of herd, calving year, production month, production age, cow genotype (grade or pure Holstein), sperm type, Ali and Schaeffer’s polynomial function, as well as additive genetic and permanent environmental random effects of the cows were included. DMU software was utilized for fitting the model. For the RM trait heritability (0.18) and repeatability (0.535) was higher than that of obtained for the EC trait (0.127 and 0.421, respectively). The results revealed that there was a significant difference (P<0.0001) between mean breeding value obtained for the RM (0.3159 kg) and EM (0.1818 kg). Different ranking was found for the elite cows evaluated based upon RM and EM. According to the positive and significant genetic annual trend (0.076 kg per year) for the ECM, it is suggested the energy corrected milk should be used t in genetic evaluation of dairy cattle. Energy-corrected milk Iranian Holstein cows Raw milk Test day model 2016 8 01 162 153 http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-642-en.pdf 10.18869/acadpub.rap.7.13.162
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Research On Animal Production rap 2251-8622 2676-461X 10.61186/rap 2016 7 13 Detecting Major Genes for Some Economic Traits in Native Fowl of Yazd Province using Different Statistical Methods Saeed Zerehdaran Sadegh Alijani Mona Salehinasab  At the present study, the observations of performance traits including body weight at 8 and 12 weeks of age, age at sexual maturity, egg weight and egg number were analyzed to detect major genes in Yazd native fowl. The probability of segregation for major genes was studied using simple tests including tests of normality, Bartlett, Levene and Fain for residuals and Bayesian analysis. Segregation of major genes was only confirmed for body weight at 8 and 12 weeks of age and egg number. Therefore, based on these results, mixed inheritance model including major gene and polygenic effects is better compared to absolute polygenic model for these traits. Although for body weight at 8 and 12 weeks of age, polygenic effects variance was more than major gene variance, the reverse was true for egg number. Therefore, the main observed variance for this trait is created by major genes effect. Confirmation of major genes segregation for body weight and egg number in Yazd native fowl demonstrates that molecular techniques can be suggested to map the related major genes. Bayesian analysis Bartlett test Major gene segregation Mixed inheritance Native fowl 2016 8 01 170 163 http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-643-en.pdf 10.18869/acadpub.rap.7.13.170
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Research On Animal Production rap 2251-8622 2676-461X 10.61186/rap 2016 7 13 Association of Tumor Necrosis Factor Gene Polymorphisms with Milk Somatic Cell Score in Dairy Cattle Vahid Hemati Doust Ghodrat Rahimi Mianji Ayoub Farhadi Mastitis is one of the most prevalent and costly diseases affecting dairy cattle production. In the present study, effects of tumor necrosis factor (alpha isomer) gene (TNF-α) polymorphisms on milk somatic cell count (SCS) and subclinical mastitis was investigated in 121 Holstein dairy cattle. The polymorphisms of a 303 bp fragment of TNF-α gene were investigated by PBR and PCR-SSCP techniques. The EcoRI did not digest the amplified segment and all the samples were monomorph. Therefore, the SSCP test was done on amplification products and three banding pattern (1, 2 and 3) were observed with frequencies of 3.3, 27.1 and 69.5%, respectively. Marker- trait analysis showed that, the first 70 days of milking period, different genotypes of TNF-α gene had significant effects on SCS and cows carrying banding pattern 2 had minimum sensitivity to SCS increment. Also, genotypes of TNF-α gene were significantly associated with SCS and banding pattern 1 showed minimum sensitivity to SCS increment at the end of milking period (from day 210 to 420).  Association between different genotypes of TNF-α gene and SCS was not significant in the middle of milking period (from day 70 to 210). Also, in the present study, parity, milking months and their interaction had significant association with somatic cell score. The obtained results of the present study indicated that selection in faror of the banding patterns 1 and 2 might contribute to a reduction of SCS in Holstein dairy cattle. Polymorphism Somatic Cell Score TNF-α 2016 8 01 177 171 http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-644-en.pdf 10.18869/acadpub.rap.7.13.177
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Research On Animal Production rap 2251-8622 2676-461X 10.61186/rap 2016 7 13 Tuning and Application of Random Forest Algorithm in Genomic Evaluation Farhad Ghafouri Kesbi Ghodrat Rahimi Mianji Mahmoud Honarvar Ardeshir Nejati Javaremi One of the most important issues in genomic selection is using a decent method for estimating marker effects and genomic evaluation. Recently, machine learning algorithms which are members of non-parametric and non-linear methods have been extended to genomic evaluation. One of these methods is Random Forest (RF) on which this research was focused. Important parameters in RF algorithm are the number of SNPs selected randomly at each tree node (mtry), the number of trees to grow` (ntree) and the minimum size of terminal nodes of trees (node size) which need to be pre-defined before analyses and for them the model should be tuned. A genome comprised of five chromosomes, one Morgan each, on which 10000 bi-allelic SNP were arrayed was simulated and the efficiency of different combinations of mtry, ntree and node size was tested and the best combination was selected based on comparison of accuracy of predicted genomic value as well as OOB error estimates. For the simulated data in the current study the least OOB error as well as the maximum prediction accuracy was related to a model with 6000 mtry, 1000 ntree and 5 node size. Other combinations did not increase the accuracy of prediction while led to an increase in time of analyses for those which used more trees. Since the accuracy of prediction is a function of mtry, ntree and node size, in genomic evaluation, different combinations of these parameters should be used and the combination which caused the maximum prediction accuracy should be used for genomic evaluation. Genomic Breeding Value Genomic Evaluation Random Forest Single Nucleotide Marker Tree 2016 8 01 185 178 http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-645-en.pdf 10.18869/acadpub.rap.7.13.185
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Research On Animal Production rap 2251-8622 2676-461X 10.61186/rap 2016 7 13 Study of Genetic Diversity in Honey Bee Populations in Kerman Province using ISSR Markers Yaser Bahador Mohammadreza Mohammadabadi Amin Khezri Mahdieh Asadi Leila Medhati The aim of this study was assestment of genetic diversity for honey bee populations in Kerman province using two inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers. In this study, 30 samples from 6 populations (Kerman, Jiroft, Raein, Rabor, Bardsir and Flo) were collected. While using (AC)8G and (AGAC)4GC primers in PCR, DNA profiles of bees were found to possess 16 polymorphic fragments. The number of fragments produced in the DNA profiles of different bee cities varied from 2 to 8, with their sizes varying within 150-1000 bp. Means of Shanon Index based on (AC)8G marker for Jiroft, Kerman, Flo (Native bee of Jiroft) Rayen, Rabor and Bardsir honey bee population were 0.51, 0.36, 0.50, 0.61, 0.42 and 0.19 respectively and based on (AGAC)4GC marker in Jiroft, Kerman, Flo (Native bee of Jiroft) Rayen, Rabor and Bardsir honey bee population were 0.52, 0.51, 0.46, 0.39, 0.41 and 0.27 respectively. A cluster analysis was carried out using unweighed pair group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) and dendrogram illustrated genetic relationships among 30 individuals in six populations. Haplotypes were constructed computationally and frequencies were compared in each population. Based on all studied genetic criteria, we can conclude that honey bee populations in Kerman have moderate amount of genetic diversity. The results of this study can provide the basic molecular information for future research on native honey bees using ISSR markers. Haplotype ISSR markers Native Honey Bee Polymorphism UPGMA Dendrogram 2016 8 01 192 186 http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-646-en.pdf 10.18869/acadpub.rap.7.13.192
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Research On Animal Production rap 2251-8622 2676-461X 10.61186/rap 2016 7 13 Allelic Variation in the Promoter Region of Prolactin Gene in different Population of Native Fowls Seyyed Abbas Nourbakhsh Ali Hashemi Zarbakht Ansari Pirsaraei Nouredin Moradi      Prolactin, an important polypeptide hormone, is secreted by specialized cells in the anterior pituitary gland and is predominantly under inhibitory influence of the hypothalamus. This hormone plays a crucial role in incubation signaling and egg production in avian. The aim of this study was to determine the polymorphisms at situation +2402 bp (PRL5) and a 24-bp nucleotide in/del at nucleotide position -358 in promoter region of Prolactin gene in some Iranian native fowls. Blood samples were collected randomly from 251 hens of four strains involving Fars, Yazd, West Azerbaijan and Mazandaran native fowls. Specific PCR primers were employed for amplification of a 439 bp (PRL5) and 154/130 bp (PRL24) fragments of Prolactin promoter region. For genotyping of PRL24 and PRL5 amplified fragments; direct observation and AluΙ restriction enzyme were used, respectively. For PRL24 locus two alleles of I and D were detected in all of strains. The frequency of I allele was predominant in Fars (0.64), Yazd (0.68) and Mazandaran (0.52) strains than West Azerbaijan (0.3) strain. For PRL5 locus two alleles of C and T were detected and C allele possess a large amount of frequency with 0.76, 0.66 and 0.63 in Fars, Yazd and Mazandaran strains, respectively than West Azerbaijan (0.31) strain. Results of the present study and other research suggested, these loci can be informative marker in marker assisted selection programs with aim of increase of egg production by decreasing the broodiness. Incubation Native Fowl Polymorphism Prolactin Gene Promoter 2016 8 01 198 193 http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-647-en.pdf 10.18869/acadpub.rap.7.13.198
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Research On Animal Production rap 2251-8622 2676-461X 10.61186/rap 2016 7 13 Association of GDF9 and BMP15 Genes Polymorphism with Twinning in Markhoz Goat Azam Khosravi Gholam Reza Dashab Mohammad Rokouei Mehdi Vafaei Valeh      Twinning is one of the most important economic traits in goat production, which is influenced by either small or major gene effects. In recent decades, it has been recognized that two members of growth factors originated from oocytes namely GDF9 and BMP15 are essential for follicular development and ovulation. The aim of the current study was to survey the polymorphism of two GDF9 and BMP15 genes and their genotype patterns association with twining rate in Markhoz goat. Blood samples were randomly taken from 50 Markhoz goats and DNA extraction was performed by a salting-out modified method. Polymerase chain reactions (PCR) were employed to amplify a fragment with 862 base pairs from exon 2 of BMP15 gene and 995 base pairs fragment from exon 2 of GDF9 gene. The PCR products after digestion by Hinf1 enzyme were electrophoresed on 3% agarose gel and the animals' genotypes were determined by banding patterns. In the BMP15 gene, the frequencies of B and b alleles were 0.96 and 0.04, respectively; and the frequencies of BB, Bb and bb genotypes were 0.94, 0.04 and 0.02, respectively. Also, the frequencies of A and a alleles in GDF9 gene were 0.68 and 0.32, respectively; and the frequencies of AA, Aa and aa genotypes were 0.60, 0.16 and 0.24, respectively. The Nei’s index, Polymorphism information content and expected heterozygosity in the BMP15 gene were 0.47, 0.077 and 0.08, respectively; and corresponding values in the GDF9 gene were 0.34, 0.4 and 0.43, respectively. The results showed that the effects of BMP15, GDF9 and interaction of two loci genotypes on twinning trait were significant indicating that although the GDF9 and BMP15 genes in Markhoz goats have low to moderate polymorphism, they play an important role in twining rate. The present information may be useful in breeding programs of Markhoz goats and could be used in selection strategies. Linkage study Markhoz goats Polymorphism TGF-β 2016 8 01 207 199 http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-648-en.pdf 10.18869/acadpub.rap.7.13.207
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Research On Animal Production rap 2251-8622 2676-461X 10.61186/rap 2016 7 13 (Short Paper) Phylogenetic Analysis and Molecular Evolution of the Leptin Gene Javad Ahmadpanah      In the current study, phylogenetic analysis and molecular evolution of the mammalian’s Leptin was investigated. Data was achieved and aligned by searching its genome database, while all examined mammals contained only a single copy of the Leptin. The nucleotide substitution rate of the sequences and molecular evolution of the Leptin were calculated by maximum likelihood and neighbor-joining method respectively and phylogenetic tree was constructed. Bioinformatics researches results identified that Leptin genes are distributed across the genome. On the other hand base substitution rate of the pyrimidines to pyrimidines or purines is much more than that of in purines to pyrimidines or purines. The dN/ds ratio of the Leptin sequences indicated that Positive selection was accrued during evolution which made new branches to give different responses. This can justifies high polymorphism of the Leptin. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Leptin proteins based on mainly are divided to two clades their evolutionary relationships. In the first clade the protein sequences are divided to mammals and chicken and in the second clade called the others we have all types of fish. Leptin Mammals Natural Selection Phylogeny 2016 8 01 213 208 http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-649-en.pdf 10.18869/acadpub.rap.7.13.213