Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resources University
Research On Animal Production
2251-8622
2676-461X
8
15
2017
6
1
Evaluation of Composition, In Vitro Solubility Rate and Calcium and Phospouros Digestibility of Different Calcium Sources and Their Effects on Performance and Bone Traits in Broiler Chickens
1
10
FA
Y
N
N
10.29252/rap.8.15.1
Mineral composition and in vitro solubility rates for seven different Calcium (Ca) sources, and their feeding effects on performance and digestibility of calcium and phosphorous in broiler chickens were assessed. The experiment used a 6 × 2 factorial arrangement with 12 diets formulated to contain of 6 Ca sources and 2 levels of particle size (<0.05mm and > 1.0-2.0 mm) and one diet as a control contain oyster shell (<0.05mm). A total of 486 Ross 308 broilers were allocated to 13 dietary treatments with 3 pen (18 birds per cage) per treatment from d 1 to 42 post hatching Seven test Ca sources (six commercial limestone sources (GL) and oyster shell (OS) were separated into their particle size groups that ranged from <0.05mm, > 1.41-2.83 mm, and >2.83 mm. Average concentration of Ca was 36.2 g/kg in all Ca sources. In vitro solubility was dependent upon Ca source and particle size with small particle generally having a greater in vitro solubility than large particle at the same time. Dietary treatments had effect on the feed intake and body weight gain in starter period, but there was no difference in performance of different Ca sources and different particle in grower period in broiler chickens. Apparent Ca and P digestibility in Ca sources was greater (P < 0.05) for birds fed a diet with particle size of > 0.5 mm compared with those fed higher particle size. However, the bone ash, non-fat dry matter, Ca and P of were not affected by Ca sources and partile size. In conclusion, results of the present experiment demonstrated that performance and bone traits of broilers were not affected by Ca sources and particle sizes; and there was difference in in vitro solubility and Ca and P digestibility of different Ca sources in broiler chickens.
Bone, Broiler chickens, Digestibility, In-vitro solubility, Limestone
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-744-en.html
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-744-en.pdf
Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resources University
Research On Animal Production
2251-8622
2676-461X
8
15
2017
6
1
Effect of Different Dietary Levels of
Energy and Protein on Performance of Japanese Quail During Grower Phase
11
17
FA
Y
N
N
10.29252/rap.8.15.11
This research was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of metabolisable energy and crude protein on performance, carcass characteristics and blood parameters of Japanese quail during grower phase (14-28 d of age). Nine hundreds 14-d-old male birds were used to examine 3 levels of energy (2900, 3050 and 3200 Kcal of ME/Kg of the diet) and 3 levels of protein (21.6, 24 and 26.4% CP) by a 3*3 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design with 5 replicates of 20 birds. Feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured during whole period. At the end of the experiment, 2 birds from each replicate were selected to measure the blood parameters (TG, total cholesterol, LDL and uric acid) and carcass characteristics. The lowest and highest levels of energy and protein enhanced (P<0.05) daily feed intake respectively. Daily weight gain was not affected by the treatments (P>0.05), however, FCR was improved by the diets of 3050 and 3200 Kcal ME/Kg compared with that of 2900 Kcal ME/Kg. Energy and protein interaction was significant (P<0.05) for the relative weight of liver; the treatment with 3200 Kcal ME/Kg and 24% CP showed the highest value. Among blood parameters, uric acid was decreased (P<0.05) by the diets of 3050 and 3200 Kcal ME/Kg. Based on performance results, 3050 Kcal ME/Kg of the diet can be proposed for Japanese quail nutrition during the grower phase.
Blood Parameters, Crude Protein, Grower Phase, Japanese Quail, Metabolisable
Energy, Performance
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-745-en.html
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-745-en.pdf
Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resources University
Research On Animal Production
2251-8622
2676-461X
8
15
2017
6
1
The Effect of Level of Feed Intake on
Digestibility, Nitrogen Balance and Microbial Protein Synthesis in Sheep
18
24
FA
N
Y
N
N
10.29252/rap.8.15.18
An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of different levels of feed intake at 70%, 85% and 100% of the voluntary feed intake on digestibility and rumen microbial protein synthesis. For this purpose, six male lambs (42±1.5 kg BW) were used in a replicated Latin square design (replicated in three periods that were 21 days each). A twenty five days period was assigned as adaptation period before start of the experiment to determine animals’ voluntary feed intake. Then in experimental period the potential of urinary purine derivatives as a predictive index of microbial protein supply was determined. The data were analyzed using SAS statistical software. The results showed that by decreasing the level of feed intake, the amounts of allantoin, total purine derivations excretion, microbial protein synthesis in the rumen, nitrogen balance and PDC index were decreased (P<0.05). However, apparent digestibility of dry matter and organic matter were increased (P<0.05). In conclusion, it is suggested that during feed resource shortage or low quality of forage in pasture, by increasing the level of feed intake, microbial protein synthesis and animal performance improvement can be achieved.
Feed Intake Level, Microbial Protein, Purine Derivatives
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-747-en.html
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-747-en.pdf
Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resources University
Research On Animal Production
2251-8622
2676-461X
8
15
2017
6
1
Efficacy of Aqueous Extract of Thymus Daenensis to Ameliorate the Adverse Effects of Aflatoxin in Japanese Quail
25
32
FA
Y
N
N
10.29252/rap.8.15.25
This study evaluated the efficacy of aqueous extract of Thymus daenensis to ameliorate the adverse effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in Japanese quail. The experiment was conducted as a 2×2 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design with two levels of aflatoxin (0 and 500µg/kg) and two levels of aqueous extract of T. daenensis (0 and 2000 mg/kg). Each of the 4 dietary treatments was fed to five replicate cages (4 birds/cage) from 24 to 45 days of age. The results showed that Aflatoxin and extract did not have any effect on the histo-morphology of jejunum of birds (P < 0.05). Aflatoxin significantly increased relative weight of liver. Observation of liver microscopy showed that hepatocytes fat content was increased. Extract significantly decreased relative weight of liver. There was an interaction between aflatoxin and extract on relative weight of liver (P < 0.01), so that negative effect of aflatoxin on relative weight of liver was significantly decreased in birds offered diet with extract. Aflatoxin B1 significantly increased alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, but extract significantly decreased alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. There was an interaction between aflatoxin and extract on above enzymes (P < 0.05), so that serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase were decreased in birds offered diets with aflatoxin and extract. In conclusion, our results showed that addition of aqueous extract of Thymus daenensis reduced the adverse effects produced by the presence of AFB1 in Japanese quail diets.
Aflatoxin, Aqueous extract of Thymus daenensis, Japanese quail, Medicinal plants
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-748-en.html
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-748-en.pdf
Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resources University
Research On Animal Production
2251-8622
2676-461X
8
15
2017
6
1
Effect of Different Levels of Calcium, Phosphor and Vitamin D3 with Fennel Extract on, Performance and Egg Shell Quality in Post Molted Ross Broiler Breeders
33
41
FA
Y
N
N
N
N
10.29252/rap.8.15.33
The purpose of this experiment was to compare the effects of calcium, phosphorus, and fennel extract (FE) and vitamin D3 on performance and egg shell quality in post molted Ross broiler breeders from 96 to 102 weeks. Each pen consisted of 10 hens and 1 rooster. This experiment was done in a completely randomize design with seven treatments (different levels of calcium, phosphorus plus fennel extract or vitamin D3) that each treatments assigned to 4 replicates. The addition (50 mg/kg diet) FE had significant affection egg production, egg mass, settable egg, shell quality, relative albumin weight and body weight gain (p<0/05). The results of this experiments showed that decrement of the calcium and phosphorus up to 10 percent, did not significantly affection indicated parameters (p>0/05), but lower levels of calcium and phosphorus (20%) significantly affect these parameters (p<0/05). Supplementation of vitamin D3 to the diet with 10 percent less calcium and phosphorus could increase egg production and percentage of settable eggs. Additionally, when calcium and phosphorus was 10 percent lower than control diet, supplementation of FE increased egg production and percentage of settable eggs but this effect did not was the same as vitamin D3.The results of these experiments indicated that supplementation diet with FE had significant affect when diets contain 10 percent lower in calcium and phosphorus.
Broiler Breeder, Calcium, Fennel Extract, Phosphorus, Vitamin D3
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-751-en.html
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-751-en.pdf
Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resources University
Research On Animal Production
2251-8622
2676-461X
8
15
2017
6
1
Amelioration of Experimental B1 Aflatoxicosis in Japanese Quails by
Yolk Derived Specific Antibody
42
48
FA
N
Y
N
10.29252/rap.8.15.42
Two experiments were carried out to determine the potential of oral yolk derived specific antibody against aflatoxin B1 in Japanese quails. In the first experiment egg yolk derived antibody against aflatoxin B1 was produced in layer quails. The potential of aflatoxin absorbent of the eggs from immunized and non-immunized layers was assayed in vitro. Egg yolk extracts derived from aflatoxin-BSA conjugate immunized layers absorbed more aflatoxin B1 compared to that of non-immunized birds in concentrations over 24 g/l (P <0.05). In the second experiment 120, one-d-old quails were randomly attributed to four experimental groups with five replications of six chicks. The experimental groups consisting: 1- negative control- fed uncontaminated feed. 2- Positive control- fed aflatoxin B1 (2 mg/kg) contaminated feed.
3- AFB1+SY- fed contaminated feed and 4 g/l yolk extract form immunized layers in drinking water. 4- AFB1+NY- fed contaminated feed and 4 g/l yolk extract form non-immunized layers in drinking water. Feeding aflatoxin without yolk extract lowered serum concentrations of total protein, albumin, HDL, triglyceride, cholesterol and glucose. Oral yolk extracts restored the aflatoxicosis-induced alteration of serum metabolits to the normal levels similar to negative control. The yolk extract derived from immunized layers was more efficient compared to that of non-immunized birds. Aflatoxicosis diminished the studied cellular and humoral immune responses (P < 0.05), while oral yolk extracts boosts the immune responses to a level comparable to negative control.
Aflatoxin B1, Antibody, Egg Yolk, Japanese quail
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-750-en.html
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-750-en.pdf
Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resources University
Research On Animal Production
2251-8622
2676-461X
8
15
2017
6
1
Effects of COMBO® Enzyme Supplemented Wheat and Wheat Bran Diet on Growth Performance and Digesta Physicochemical Properties of Broilers
49
57
FA
Y
N
N
N
N
10.29252/rap.8.15.49
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of wheat and wheat bran diets with and without enzymes on growth performance and digestive characteristics of broilers. A total number of 625 one day old Ross-308 broiler chickens were allocated randomly to 5 treatments with 5 replicates, using a CRD statistical design. Treatments were control, wheat, wheat+ enzyme and wheat bran and wheat bran+ enzyme. Traits were growth performance, carcass characteristics, ileal microbial counting and measurement of gut acidity and viscosity. According to the results, effect of different treatments on all experimental traits at starter and finisher periods were significant (P<0.01). Minimum growth performance and maximum feed conversion rate at the whole rearing period belonged to treatments without enzymes. Supplementation of wheat and wheat bran with enzymes resulted in significant improvement of growth performance traits compare to control group (P<0.01). Effects of different treatments on carcass characteristics were significant (P<0.01). The highest carcass performances belonged to control group, but supplementation of wheat and wheat bran with enzymes resulted in significant improvement of carcass performances (P<0.01). Effects of different treatments on the intestinal microbial population were significant (P<0.01). Maximum undesirable bacteria were observed in treatments without enzymes, but maximum desirable bacteria were observed in treatments supplemented with enzymes. Digesta acidity and viscosity were lower and higher in the treatments without enzymes respectively (P<0.01). Supplementation of wheat and wheat bran with enzymes improved these digestive properties (P<0.01). In conclusion, inclusion of wheat and wheat bran in broiler corn-soy based diets were conceivable and supplementation of wheat and wheat bran diets improved the growth and carcass performances.
Broilers, Carcass Characteristics, Growth Performance, Microbial Population,
Wheat and Wheat Bran
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-753-en.html
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-753-en.pdf
Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resources University
Research On Animal Production
2251-8622
2676-461X
8
15
2017
6
1
Effects of Different Level of Gamma Irradiation on Barley and Soybean Seeds on Rumen Degradation Rate and Performance of Lambs
58
67
FA
Y
N
N
N
10.29252/rap.8.15.58
To investigate the effects of different levels of gamma irradiation on degradation rate of barley and soybean seeds and performance of lambs, this study were done. In the first experiment barley and soybean seeds were irradiated with 2 doses of gamma irradiation and degradation rate were estimated in different incubation times. Results of current study showed that gamma irradiation increased the “a” fraction and decreased “b” fraction of barley DM, but “a” fraction of barley crude protein was decreased and “b” fraction was increased (P<0.05). Gamma irradiation on soybean seed decreased “a” fraction of crude protein and DM of soybean and increased “b” fraction of CP and DM of soybean seeds. Second experiment was conducted in completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 6 replications on Dallagh lambs. Treatments were untreated barley and soybean seeds, irradiated barley and soybean seeds with 50 and 75 KGy. Lambs were housed in individual cage about 120 days. To digestibility determination, fecal samplings were done. At the end of experiment 3 lambs from each treatment were slaughtered. Lamb carcasses and internal organs (including the liver, lungs, heart and kidneys) were also measured separately. All the data were analyses with SAS program and the means were compared with Tukey test. Statistical analysis showed that there were no significant differences between treatments and control group in feed consumption (P>0.05). Weight gain was significantly affected by irradiation treatments. Gamma irradiation with dose of 75 KGy significantly improved feed conversion ratio (P<0.05). Gamma irradiation significantly improved dry matter and organic matter digestibility of feeds (P<0.05). Internal organs were not affected by gamma irradiation (P>0.05). Regard to the results of current study, 50 KGy gamma irradiation has significant effects on by pass of protein resources and use of starch in the diets. Thus, we can use irradiation to get the better performance in ruminant nutrition.
Barley seeds, Degradation, Feedlot performance, Gamma irradiation,
Soybean seeds
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-757-en.html
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-757-en.pdf
Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resources University
Research On Animal Production
2251-8622
2676-461X
8
15
2017
6
1
Effects of Different Levels of Garlic Powder in the Starter Diet on Performance of Holestin Dairy Calves
68
75
FA
N
N
Y
10.29252/rap.8.15.68
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different levels of garlic powder (GP) in the starter diet on performance, weight and age of weaning, some of blood metabolites, fecal score, structural growth and nutrients digestibility in new-born Holstein calves. Thirty male and femal dairy calves (40.9 ± 1.9 Kg of BW) were randomly assigned in a completely randomized design to the following three groups 1) basal diet without GP (control), 2) basal diet supplemented with 0.5% GP, and 3) basal diet supplemented with 1% GP for a period of 70 d. All calves recived colostrum until d 3 and then were offered 4 kg whole milk/d from d 4 to weaning. Results showed that dry matter intake (DMI) was higher in the calves fed rations containing 0.5 and 1% GP and the calves fed 0.5% GP had the highest gain, average daily gain (ADG) and weight of weaning (P< 0.02) than those fed other group. However, feed conversion ratio (FCR) was not affected by the experimental diets. Furthermore, feeding GP was found to have effects on plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentration. The calves fed with diets containing GP exhibited a higher digestibility of DM, OM, CP, ADF and NDF and also this calves were greater for heart girth and body barrel than the control groups (P< 0.01). It was concluded that supplementation of diet with 0.5% GP could be a proper choice to improving of DMI, performance, gain, digestibility of nutrients and reducing plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentration.
Dairy calves, Garlic powder, Performance and digestibility, Starter
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-759-en.html
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-759-en.pdf
Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resources University
Research On Animal Production
2251-8622
2676-461X
8
15
2017
6
1
The Effect of Slow-Release Mineral Supplements and eCG Injection
on Twining, Birth Weight and Weaning Weigh to Fluffy Raeini Goats
76
83
FA
N
Y
N
N
N
10.29252/rap.8.15.76
This study was carried out investigate the effect of slow-release blous on reproductive efficiency, twinning and weaning weight. 306 female Cashmere Raeini goats were selected randomly and divided into eight treatments. Treatments were: 1and 2) control with and without injection eCG, 3 and 4) Consumption one slow-release blolus with and without injection eCG, 5 and 6) Consumption two slow-release boluses with and without injection eCG and7 and 8) Consumption one minerals and vitamin capsules with and without injection eCG. To synchronize estrus, ciders were installed in goats and eCG hormone injected in a half of goats. The results showed that reproductive efficiency were reduced with slow-release bolus and capsule supplements. But they had significant effect on twinning (p<0.001), but There wasn't significant effect on birth weight and weaning weight, effect of hormone injected was significant on twining (p<0.001), birth weight (p=0.045) and weaning weight (P=0.028). Body condition score (BCS) of male goat had significant effect on twinning (P<0.001), birth weight (P<0.001) and weaning (P<0.001). Female goat's age hadn't significant effects on twinning and birth weight and kids weaning weight. But sex of kids had a significant on kids weaning weight (P<0.001). Twinning was increased by using slow-release bolus and capsule, but the increase in liher size was neutralized by decreased reproductive efficiency in female goats.
Body condition, Hormone, Live weight
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-762-en.html
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-762-en.pdf
Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resources University
Research On Animal Production
2251-8622
2676-461X
8
15
2017
6
1
Study of Chemical Composition, Quality and Ruminal
Degradability Parameters of Silaged Orange Pulp with Wheat Straw and Urea
84
95
FA
Y
N
N
N
10.29252/rap.8.15.84
The experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of wheat straw and urea additives on chemical composition, quality characteristics and ruminal degradability parameters of dry matter, neutral detergent insoluble fiber and crude protein orange pulp silage, in a completely randomized design, using nylon bag technique in the form of fore treatments (citrus pulp 1. without additive, 2. with 40% wheat straw, 3. with 38.5% wheat straw and 1.5 % urea, 4. with 37% wheat straw and 3% urea). Results showed that treatment 2 had the highest score on visual assessment of silage. Treatment 1 and 4 had the lowest (3.53) and highest (4.36) pH respectively. Adding wheat straw to orange pulp increased dry matter (DM), ash and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), decreased non fiber carbohydrate (NFC) and ether extract. Urea increased crude protein, pH and NH3-N contents and decreased NFC. Flight point in treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 90.72, 113.64, 94.54 and 82.75, respectively. Treatment 1 had the highest dry matter,s a, b and a+b. Adding wheat straw and urea significantly decreased dry matter degradability compared to the control treatment. Treatment 2 had the lowest protein,s a and a+b but adding wheat straw decreased protein degradability. Treatments 1 and 3 and treatment 2 had the highest and lowest NDF,s a respectively, treatment 3 and treatments 1 had the highest and lowest NDF,s b and a+b therefore additives increased NDF degradability. The results showed that with mixture of orange pulp, wheat straw and urea, can be prepared high quality silage; but through increasing urea more than 1/5 %, for improving the quality of silage soluble carbohydrate source is required. So, with increasing the urea the level of citrus pulp should be increased.
Chemical Composition and Degradability, Orange Pulp, Urea, Wheat Straw
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-749-en.html
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-749-en.pdf
Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resources University
Research On Animal Production
2251-8622
2676-461X
8
15
2017
6
1
Nutritive Value and Performance of Cereal Green Fodder Yield in
Hydroponic System
96
104
FA
Y
N
N
10.29252/rap.8.15.96
This study was conducted to assess the nutritive value and performance of green fodder (GF) production in hydroponic system. A mixture of barley (100 kg) and corn (80 kg) seeds was prepared and grown in an automatic controlling growing chamber that contained 7 shelevs, each with 16 special trays capacity. From each shelf, 6 trays were taken out after 7, 8, 9 and 10 days (as treatment) and fresh weight was recorded and sampled. Chemical composition and in vitro digestibility was determined. The performance and cost of GF production were estimated. Results showed that the fresh GF yield was 5.25 times of the original seed nevertheless, dry matter obtained was 23.8% less than the initial spent seed. Crude protein (CP) content of GF was significantly higher than that of barley (P=0.0076) and corn grain (P=0.0071) but such elevation in CP was mainly related to non-protein nitrogen. Organic matter digestibility of GF reduced as compared to the barley (P=0.0079) and corn grain (P=0.0087) and ME content. No differences were obtained among the GF treatments for nutrient contents and digestibility.The estimated cost per kg DM, CP, TP and ME obtained from GF were respectively 3.12, 2.01, 3.12 and 3.11 times of barley and corn grains. Ovreall, not only there is a negative balance of nutrients during converting barley and corn grains to green fodder in hydroponic system, but also the price of nutrients obtained by GF is several times higher than the original grains.
Barley, Corn, Efficiency, Green Fodder, Hydroponic
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-752-en.html
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-752-en.pdf
Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resources University
Research On Animal Production
2251-8622
2676-461X
8
15
2017
6
1
The Effect of Different Levels of Levamisole Drug on Performance and Related Parameters with Immune System in Broiler Chickens
105
114
FA
Y
N
10.29252/rap.8.15.105
This experiment was conducted to study the effect of different levels of levamisole on performance and related parameters with immune system in Cobb 500 strain male broilers. The experiment was carried out a completely randomized design, with 300 male broiler chickens in four treatments and five replicates 15 birds/replicates. The experimental groups consisted of zero, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 mg per kg live body weight of levamisole in the third week. Parameters examined include performance and related parameters with immune system, phagocytic activity test, antibody titers against Newcastle, Influenza and Gambro disease and organs weight involved in immune system. Results showed that adding of levamisole into diet had no effect on body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio in broilers. Adding of levamisole into diet increased the number of lymphocytes, monocytes and heterophils in broiler (P<0.05). Levamisole improved cellular immune system in broiler chickens (P<0.05). Phagocytic activity was increased in broilers treated with levamisole at 7.5 kg per kg of live body weight (P<0.05). Use of levamisole in broiler chickens increased antibody titers than controls, but this increase was not significant at 28 days except against Gambro disease. At 42 days, Levamisole had a significant effect on the size of the bursa Fabricius in broilers (P<0.05). Also, there were no mortalities in any of the experimental treatments. It seems, levamisole may have a beneficial effect on the immune system of broiler chickens. Between three different levels of levamisole, the levels of 5 and 7.5 mg per kg of live body weight had better resultion parameters involved in immune system of broiler chicks.
Blood parameters, Broiler chicks, Immune system, Levamisole, Performance
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-760-en.html
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-760-en.pdf
Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resources University
Research On Animal Production
2251-8622
2676-461X
8
15
2017
6
1
Design and Construction of Multiple-Epitope
Recombinant Vaccine Against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Type O
115
123
FA
N
N
N
N
N
10.29252/rap.8.15.115
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an extremely infectious and occasionally fatal viral disease with a rapid onset and a short course that affects cloven-hoofed animals and results in considerable financial losses. For this reason, availability of more reliable and efficient vaccines against Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is felt as a necessity. The purpose of this study is to develop a perfectly safe immunogen in order to supplant the usual inactivated vaccine. A tandem repeat multiple-epitope recombinant vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus (FMDV) type O was developed. In order to develop recombinant epitope vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), multiple-epitope recombinant vaccine (rP) comprising various combinations of B cell and T cell epitopes from VP1 capsid protein were synthesized. A 1155-bp gene fragment was amplified by PCR using specific primers. The amplicon was purified and then cloned into expression vector pET-32a. For expression of recombinant protein, pET32a-rP plasmid was transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells. Recombinant protein was overexpressed with isopropythio-beta-D-galctoside (IPTG). SDSPAGE and DOT blotting were performed for protein determination and verification.The multiple-epitope recombinant was validated by colony-PCR and enzymatic digestion. IPTG with a dosage of 1.0 mmol/L could effectively promote protein expression. SDS-PAGE analysis demonstrated that our constructed prokaryotic expression system pET32a-rP efficiently produces a target recombinant protein with a molecular weight of about 60 kDa. Results showed that prokaryotic expression system is effective in producing the multiple-epitope recombinant immunogen for FDM virus and can be used as a potential method for poly epitope constructs.
Foot and Mouth Disease, FMDv viruse, Multiple Epitope, Recombinant Vaccine
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-763-en.html
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-763-en.pdf
Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resources University
Research On Animal Production
2251-8622
2676-461X
8
15
2017
6
1
The Effects of Different Levels of Garlic and Fenugreek Powder on Performance, Egg Quality and Hematological Parameters and Antibody Titer of Commercial Laying Hens
124
130
FA
Y
N
10.29252/rap.8.15.124
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of garlic and fenugreek powder on performance and immune response in laying hens. The aim of this experiment was to compare the effects of garlic and fenugreek powder on performance, egg quality and hematological parameters and antibody titer against Newcastle disease of commercial laying hens. The experiment was performed for 12 weeks (from 49 to 61 weeks of age) on 288 laying hens (Bovans strain), in a completely randomized design with 6 treatments, and 4 replicate for each treatment (12 birds/replicate). The results showed that garlic and fenugreek powder had no any effect on feed intake, egg mass, egg production percent, egg weight and feed conversion ratio (p>0.05). The highest percentage of production was resulted by using 1% of garlic powder with 1% fenugreek powder. Dietary garlic and fenugreek powder had no significant effects on egg specific gravity, eggshell weight and eggshell thickness. The effect of garlic and fenugreek powder was significant on Haugh unit. Did not have any significant effects on hematological parameters and antibody titers against Newcastle disease of laying hens. The effect of garlic and fenugreek powder was significant in red blood cells. The lowest percentage of heterophile/lymphocyte, the highest percentage of lymphocyte were resulted by using 1% of garlic powder (p>0.05). The overall results showed that using garlic and fenugreek powder until 1 percent improved the egg quality traits but it did not effect performance, blood parameters and immune response of laying hens.
Garlic Powder, Fenugreek Powder, Antibody Titer, Performance, Blood Parameters
and Laying Hen
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-766-en.html
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-766-en.pdf
Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resources University
Research On Animal Production
2251-8622
2676-461X
8
15
2017
6
1
The Effect of Exogenous Enzymes on Growth Performance, Some Blood and Rumen Parameters of Brown Swiss Fattening Male Bulls
131
137
FA
Y
N
10.29252/rap.8.15.131
In order to investigating the effect of exogenous enzymes on growth performance, blood and rumen parametes,18 Brown Swiss male bulls were used in an balanced completely randomized design. The experimental diets were: 1) basal diet (control), 2) basal diet containing 0.50 g enzymatic mixture /kg DM of diet and 3) basal diet containing 0.75g enzymatic mixture /kg DM of diet. The bulls were fed total mixture ration (35 percent corn silage and 65 percent concentrate). Results showed that the experimental diets had no significant effect on dry matter intake, average daily gain and feed conversion ratio (P>0.05), but significant differences were observed in dry matter digestibility of diets (P<0.05), as highest and lowest of dry matter digestibility were related to diet containing 0.50 g enzymatic mixture/kg DM and 0.75 g enzymatic mixture/kg DM, respectively. Rumen liquid pH of the calves was significantly affected by the experimental diets (P<0.05). Calves fed with diet containing 0.50g enzymatic mixture /kg DM had the highest rumen liquid pH. Rumen liquid NH3-N wasn’t significantly affected by the experimental diets (P>0.05). The experimental diets containing enzymatic supplement had significantly affect on blood metabolites (glucose, blood urea nitrogen, triglyceride and aspartate transaminase) except for alanine transaminase and rumen liquid NH3-N. Therefore, using of enzymatic supplement did not has positive effects on growing performance in brown Swiss fattening bulls, but enzymatic supplement increased some of serum blood and rumen parameters.
Blood Parameters, Enzyme Mixture, Fattening Bull, Growth Performance, Rumen Parameters
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-754-en.html
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-754-en.pdf
Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resources University
Research On Animal Production
2251-8622
2676-461X
8
15
2017
6
1
Effect of Gondaotropin Releasing Hormone Administration (GnRH) and CIDR Insert after Artificial Insemination on Fetus Loss, AI Interval and Conception
138
143
FA
Y
N
N
N
10.29252/rap.8.15.138
The objective of this study was to investigate effect of different time of GnRH administration and CIDR insert after artificial insemination (AI) on fetus Loss, AI interval and conception rate in Holstein dairy cows. Multiparous high-yield dairy cows (> 30 Kg/d, n= 550) were randomly assigned into five groups. Groups were: 1- GnRH injection on day 5 after AI, 2- GnRH injection on day 11 after AI, 3- GnRH injection on day 13 after AI, 4- GnRH injection on day 5 and 11 after AI and 4- Controlled internal drug release (CIDR) devices were inserted on day 5 after AI and removed on day 14 after AI. Ultrasonography were used for consider ovary status and pregnancy diagnosis at d 32 after AI. Pregnancy was characterized by the presence of an embryo, corpus luteum and fluid in uterus horn. Cows diagnosed pregnant at 32 d were re-examined at 70 d after AI to confirm pregnancy. Pregnancy loss was considered to have occurred when a cow was diagnosed pregnant at 32 d after TAI and not pregnant at 70 d. Results showed percentage of cows that showed estrus at 19-24 d after AI was lowest in G5,11 (20.0 %) cows compared to GnRH injection on day 5 after AI (31.5 %), GnRH injection on day 11 after AI (25.7 %), GnRH injection on day 13 after AI (26.5 %) and CIDR group (32.7 %, P = 0.04). Percentage of cows that did not show estrus until day 34 after AI was lowest in CIDR group (20.6 %, P= 0.01) but there was no difference between other groups (average 42.6 %, P = 0.65). A greater (P = 0.01) percentage of cows that received GnRH injection on day 5 and 11 after AI were pregnant at 32 d (50.0) and 70 d (46.2 %) after AI compared to other groups. Pregnancy loss was lowest in CIDR group (P = 0.04). In conclusion GnRH injection on day 5 and 11 after AI compared to other methods improved pregnancy rates.
CIDR, Holstein Cow, Fetus Loss, GnRH, Ultrasonography
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-755-en.html
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-755-en.pdf
Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resources University
Research On Animal Production
2251-8622
2676-461X
8
15
2017
6
1
Comparison of Reproductive Performance of
Two Pure Lines of Japanese Quail and Their Reciprocal Crosses
144
148
FA
Y
N
N
10.29252/rap.8.15.144
In the current study, two groups of lines Coturnix Japonica Quail that were selected for hig (HW) and low (LW) body weight at the age of 4 weeks for 7 generations were used. HW line after selection for 7 generations was significantly heavier than LW line in the same generation at the age of 28days (p<0.01). 21 females, and 11 males from the HW, 18 females and 10 male from the LW lines were mated in the reciprocal cross to produce two groups, one group with HW male parents and the other group with LW male parents. To determine the reciprocal and heterosis effects for hatch weight and 4 weeks body weight and also for reproductive traits including age at sexual maturity, weight of sexual maturity, percentage of fertility and percentage of hatching, the groups produced by reciprocal crossing were compared with parental lines. The differences between two lines were significant for the mean of all traits except for egg number (P<0.01). The effect of heterosis was significant for age at sexual maturity, percentage of fertility and percentage of hatching but was not significant for other traits. The maternal or reciprocal effect was significant for all traits except for egg number trait (P<0.01).
Heterosis Effect, Japanese Quail, Reciprocal Effect, Reproductive Traits
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-758-en.html
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-758-en.pdf
Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resources University
Research On Animal Production
2251-8622
2676-461X
8
15
2017
6
1
Genomic Evaluation of Threshold Traits with Different Genetic Architecture using Bayesian Approaches
149
154
FA
Y
N
N
N
10.29252/rap.8.15.149
The current study was carried out to evaluate accuracy of some Bayesian methods for genomic breeding values prediction for threshold traits with different types of genetic architecture based on distribution of gene effect and QTL numbers. A genome consisted of 3 chromosomes of 100 CM with 2000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) was simulated. The QTL numbers were 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 of total number of SNPs whose effects were simulated by uniform, normal and gamma distributions. The studied threshold traits were either one-threshold (survival) or two-threshold (litter size). Genomic estimated breeding values were predicted by five regression methods including Bayesian Ridge Regression (BRR), Bayes A, Bayes B, Bayes C, and Bayes LASSO. Comparison of prediction accuracy of these methods (correlation between real and estimated breeding value) showed that Bayesian methods are powerful for genomic evaluation and there were no significant differences among them. The proficiency of these methods for one-threshold trait was significantly higher compared to two-threshold trait. Non-significant and irregular variance was observed in accuracy of prediction these methods between different QTL numbers and statistical distributions. Also the results showed that increasing in distance (generation) between reference and target populations will lead to decline in accuracy of prediction due to breakdown of LD between QTL and marker.
Bayesian methods, Genome, Genetic architecture, Threshold traits
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-761-en.html
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-761-en.pdf
Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resources University
Research On Animal Production
2251-8622
2676-461X
8
15
2017
6
1
Description of Growth Curve in Male and
Female Lambs of Baluchi Breed by Application of Nonlinear Growth Models
155
160
FA
Y
N
N
10.29252/rap.8.15.155
The purpose of this study was to describe growth curve in Baluchi sheep by application of nonlinear growth models. The weight records of 1228 and 676 Baluchi male and female lambs for birth weight, one-month, two-month, three-month, four-month, six-month, nine-month and one year of age were studied. These data had been collected by Baluchi Sheep Breeding Center in Mashhad (Abbas Abad) during 2004 to 2009. Brody, Von Bertalanffy, Gompertz and Logistic nonlinear models were fitted to describe the growth curve. The most suitable model was determined by R2, Root MSE, as well as mean absolute error (MAE). For data analysis, NLIN procedures were used. The results of this research for male lambs showed that Brody model with R2 (90.42%), Root MSE (8.35) and mean difference between expected and observed value (MAE) (5.65) was the best model compared with others, this value for proper model (Von Bertalanffy) in female lamb were 96.85% (R2), 4.54 (Root MSE) and 3.16 (mean difference between expected and observed value). The correlation between A and K parameters for Von Bertalanffy, Brody, Gompertz and Logistic were -0.36, -0.54, -0.3 and -0.21, respectively.
Brody, Gompertz, Logistic, Sheep, Von Bertalanffy
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-764-en.html
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-764-en.pdf
Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resources University
Research On Animal Production
2251-8622
2676-461X
8
15
2017
6
1
Detecting of Functional Short Non-Coding RNAs using Bioinformatics
Methods in Sheep and Goat
161
170
FA
N
N
Y
N
N
N
10.29252/rap.8.15.161
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that have functional roles in post-transcriptional modification. They regulate gene expression by an RNA interfering pathway through cleavage or inhibition of the translation of target mRNA. Numerous miRNAs have been described for their important functions in developmental processes in numerous animals, but there is limited information about sheep and goat miRNAs. Sheep and goat are ideal model organisms for biological and comparative genomics studies in ruminants. Identification of miRNAs is crucial to understanding their biological mechanism. Computational identification approaches can supplement experimental approaches to quickly identify ncRNAs in novel genomes, chiefly miRNAs that are transcribed under particular conditions in specific cell types. Currently, machine learning approaches have been employed to predict novel miRNAs. In this study, we present a new SVM-based classifier. It demonstrated high accuracy, balanced sensitivity and specificity for the miRNA datasets, thus representing an ideal tool for miRNA identification from transcriptome sequencing data. In this research, we generated an optimized feature subset including 20 features using a support vector machine, and we developed a c # program to compute the features in the training sequences. In this study, an intelligent SVM model with RBF kernel and the SMO learning algorithm was the best classifier for predicting microRNA genes in sheep and goat. Sensitivity and specificity of this model were 88% and 85% respectively. Then, expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis was performed for finding sheep and goat mature miRNAs. Chromosome 1 was scanned for finding miRNA potential region. In sheep 23 miRNA genes and, in goat 15 miRNAs had been discovered by homology searching. Our finding demonstrate that the Sheep and goat miRNA sequences can be supplied useful information for investigating biological roles of miRNAs in ruminants.
Pre-miRNA Genes, Ruminants, Sheep and Goat, Support Vector Machine
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-767-en.html
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-767-en.pdf
Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resources University
Research On Animal Production
2251-8622
2676-461X
8
15
2017
6
1
Detection of Major Genes for Body Weight Traits at Birth and Six Weeks of Age in a Commercial Broiler Line using Bayesian Segregation Method
171
176
FA
N
Y
N
N
10.29252/rap.8.15.171
At the present study in order to detect major genes in a commercial broiler line Bayesian method as the most powerful statistical method in detection of major genes was used. After preliminary data editing, data of body weight (BW) at birth and six weeks of age of 14 and 35 generations respectively were analyzed using iBay software. The results verified segregation of major gene for two economical traits investigated at the current study. Compared to the effect of major genes, the polygenic effect on BW at birth which is highly biased by maternal genetic factors was proved to be stronger. However, our results confirmed that the role of major genes in determining BW at six weeks of age was more impactful than that of polygenic part, which highlights the importance of direct genetic effect on the trait. In this study, results of Bayesian segregation analysis confirm the segregation of major genes for the two traits, BW at birth and six weeks of age, which potentially paves the way for future studies to detect major genes.
Bayesian segregation analysis, Commercial broiler line, Major gene
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-769-en.html
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-769-en.pdf
Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resources University
Research On Animal Production
2251-8622
2676-461X
8
15
2017
6
1
Determination of Economic Values for Some Important Traits in Zel Sheep of Golestan
177
184
FA
Y
N
N
N
N
10.29252/rap.8.15.177
In this study a bio-economic model was used for a flock with 195 breeding ewes and 20 rams to determine economic values of important traits in Zel sheep of Golestan including litter size, pre-weaning survival, post-weaning survival, ewe survival, birth weight, weaning weight, yearling weight, ewe mature weight, dressing percentage, conception rate and wool weight. In this model, fixed environment was assumed and herd profit was estimated from difference between costs and revenues. Relative economic values of the traits were estimated based on wool weight. The highest economic value was found for litter size with relative economic value of 139.82. After litter size, the most important relative economic values were 3.81 and 3.66 for ewe survival and dressing percentage, respectively. Economic values of all traits were positive except for birth weight (-0.98). Sensitivity analysis of economic values were carried out for 20% increase and decrease in price levels of input (concentrate, forage) and output (meat, wool) system. Economic values of all traits except for birth weight and wool weight were changed by changing the price of meat. The economic values of ewe mature weight, dressing percentage and wool weight did not change with change in price of concentrate and forage .Sheep farming system can increase in profits by increasing in the amount and value of product. As the highest economic values were found for amount and value of the products especially amount of products, in order to increase system profit it is better to select for these traits in a breeding program.
Bio-economic model, Economic values, Sheep
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-772-en.html
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-772-en.pdf
Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resources University
Research On Animal Production
2251-8622
2676-461X
8
15
2017
6
1
Effect of Inbreeding on Wool Weight Loss in Lori-Bakhtiari Lambs
185
194
FA
N
Y
N
N
10.29252/rap.8.15.185
The aim of this study was to estimate inbreeding coefficient and its impact on wool performance in Lori-Bakhtiari sheep. In this research, wool weight records of 6234 lambs born from 273 rams and 1924 ewes were used. The data were collected at Shahrekord Sholi station during 1990-2010. In total pedigree, 1764 animals were inbred. Averages of inbreeding coefficient for total and inbred population were estimated at 1.02 and 2.32 respectively. The inbreeding effects reduced wool weight performance approximately 4.2±1 g for each percentage of increase in inbreeding. Increasing 1% of inbreeding coefficient of male and female lambs was respectively accompanied with decreasing 5±1 and 3±1 g in wool weight. This decreasing was 4.6±1 and 2±1 g for single and twine lambs respectively. Annual trend in inbreeding coefficient for total and inbred population were 0.098±0.01 and -0.72±0.1 kg respectively that was statistically significant (P<0.01). Applying a designed mating system like crossbreeding and supervised using of elite rams could be a suitable method to avoid inbreeding depression via keeping the level of inbreeding under control.
Inbreeding, Lori-Bakhtiari Sheep, Regression, Wool Weight
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-771-en.html
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-771-en.pdf
Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resources University
Research On Animal Production
2251-8622
2676-461X
8
15
2017
6
1
Estimation of (Co)Variance
Components of Egg Quality Traits for Fars Native Fowls
195
200
FA
Y
N
N
10.29252/rap.8.15.195
Economically success incomerical and Native laying hen farms in some eaten is related to egg quality. So, egg quality is a one of the most important factor affecting hatchability and lead to increasing the egg demand. The current study was carried out in aim to estimate the genetic parameters for egg quality traits in Fars native fowls. To do this, 2000 pedigree recorded eggs were collected at Fars Native Breeding Center and external and internal egg quality traits were measured. Significance of environmental effects determined using GLM procedure by SAS software and those were considered in the mixed model analysis. Heritability, genetic and phenotypic correlations were estimated using ASREML software. The estimated heritability for egg weight and external egg quality traits including shell strength, shell weight, shell thickness were 0.21, 0.44, 0.23, 0.12. this parameter for internal egg quality traits including albumin height, albumin weight, Hough unit, yolk weight, yolk diameter were also estimated 0.17, 0.10, 0.17, 0.36, 0.13, respectively. Genetic and phenotypic correlations of egg weight with external and internal (except to yolk weight) egg quality traits were obtained positive. Both genetic and phenotypic correlations among external egg quality traits were found positive and ranged from 0.04 to 0.91. Yolk weight were negatively genetically correlated with yolk diameter and shell features (shell strength, shell thickness and shell weight). The genetic correlation of shell strength and traits such as albumin height, Hough unit, yolk weight and yolk diameter were low and in negative direction. The results showed that the selection for increasing egg weight lead to improvement of egg quality traits and decreased yolk weight in Fars native fowls.
(Co)Variance Components, Egg, Native Fowls, Quality
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-768-en.html
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-768-en.pdf
Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resources University
Research On Animal Production
2251-8622
2676-461X
8
15
2017
6
1
Estimation of Genetic Parameters and
Genetic Trends of Somatic Cell Score in Iranian Holsteins
201
209
FA
N
Y
10.29252/rap.8.15.201
The objectives of present study were to estimate the genetic and permanent environmental covariance components and genetic and phenotypic trends of test-day records of somatic cell score (SCS) of the first lactation Iranian Holstein cows. Dataset included the 108995 test day records were collected by the Animal Breeding Center of Iran from 2001 to 2010. The GLM procedure of SAS software was used for fitting the fixed effects in the statistical models of analysis. All analyses were performed using the AIREML algorithm of WOMBAT software. 16 different random regression models were studied and compared based on Akaike’s information criterion. Random regression model with Legendre polynomial functions of orders of 4, 4, 5 were chosen to fit fixed regression, additive genetic and permanent environmental effects, respectively, and residual variance was assumed in 4 heterogeneous levels during the lactation. Estimation of heritability was low (0.022 to 0.032) that indicated this trait mostly affected by environmental factors. Genetic and environmental correlations between daily SCS were high for adjacent tests and low between the beginning and the end of lactation. The estimated environmental correlations were lower than the genetic correlations in all stages of lactation. Annual genetic and phenotypic trends were -0.59±0.103 and -0.08±0.002, respectively, for SCS trait. Both genetic and phenotypic trends for SCS were significant (P<0.0001). Negative genetic and phenotypic trends for SCS indicated that genetic programs for declining the incidence of mastitis in Iranian Holsteins were successful at recent years.
Dairy Cow, Genetic Parameters, Genetic Progress, Mastitis, Random Regression
Model
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-765-en.html
http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-765-en.pdf