Volume 8, Issue 16 (11-2017)
rap 2017, 8(16): 70-78 |
Back to browse issues page
Abstract: (3885 Views)
This experiment was conducted to assess the effects of using Thyme, Saturea, medicinal plants with or without enzyme on performance, blood parameters in broiler chickens. This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 480 broiler (Ross-308) in 8 treatments and 3 replicates (n=20) for starter (1-21 days) and grower period (21- 42 days). The experimental diets contained: 1, Control (basal diet); 2, Containing 1% Thymus; 3, containing 1% Saturea; 4, Containing 0.05% enzyme; 5, using of 0.5% Thymus + 0.5% Saturea; 6, 1% thymus + 0.05% enzyme; 7, 1% Saturea + 0.05% enzyme); 8, 0.5% Thymus + 0.5% Saturea+0.05% enzyme. The results of this experiment showed that thyme and saturea and enzyme supplementation significantly increased the amount of body weight gain, and improved feed conversion ratio in grower (21-42 days) and whole period (0-42 days), in comparison to control diet (P<0.05). The feeding of combination of thyme and Saturea, and enzyme supplementation decreased fat abdominal, in comparison to treatment four (P<0.05). Furthermore, the using of treatment 3, 4, 5 and 8 significantly decreased the concentration of total protein in comparison to control group (P<0.05). Concentration of cholesterol, triglyceride, albumin, and uric acid were not significant between different groups. The lowest percentage of hetrophyle and proportion of heterophyle to lymphocyte observed in group containing Thyme, Saturea and enzyme (P<0.05). It could be included that supplementation of diet with 0.5% Thyme, Saturea, and multi enzyme has positive effects on performance, immune system and in abdominal fat reduction in broilers.
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Special
Received: 2017/10/30 | Revised: 2017/11/1 | Accepted: 2017/10/30 | Published: 2017/10/30
Received: 2017/10/30 | Revised: 2017/11/1 | Accepted: 2017/10/30 | Published: 2017/10/30
References
1. Aeschbach Loliger, J., B.C. Scott, A. Musica, J. Bulter and B. Halliwell. 1994. Antioxidant action of thymol, carvacrol, 6 ginerol, zinezerone and hydroxytyrosol. Food Chemistry and Toxicology, 32: 31-36. [DOI:10.1016/0278-6915(84)90033-4]
2. Alcicek, A., M. Bozkurt and M. Cabuk. 2003. The effect of an essential oil combination derived from selected herbs growing wild in turkey on broiler performance. South African Journal of Animal Science, 33(2): 89-94. [DOI:10.4314/sajas.v33i2.3761]
3. Al-Kassie, G.A.M. 2010. The role of peppermint (mentha piperita) on performance in broiler diets. Agriculture and Biological Journal of North America, 1(5): 1009-1013. [DOI:10.5251/abjna.2010.1.5.1009.1013]
4. Allen, P.C., H.D. Danforth and P.C. Augusting. 1998. Diet modulation of avian coccidiosis. International Journal Parasitological, 28: 1131-1140. [DOI:10.1016/S0020-7519(98)00029-0]
5. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 2005. Official methods of analysis of official analytical chemists. 18th ed. AOAC, Arlington, Virginia.
6. Bedford, M.R. 2000. Exogenous enzymes in mono-gastric nutrition-their current value and future benefits. Livestock Production Science, 86: 1-13. [DOI:10.1016/S0377-8401(00)00155-3]
7. Beheshti, D., A. Nobakht and J. Pishjang. 2009. The effects of using of thymus vulgaris, Lamiaceae menthapiperita, Saturea medicinal plants on performance, egg quality, blood and immunity parameters of laying hens.4th Animal Science conference in Iran, pp: 790-797 (In Persian).
8. Bozkurt, M., A. Kucukyilmaz, U. Cath and M. Cinar. 2009. Effect of dietary mannan oligosaccharide with or without oregano essential oil and hop extract supplementation on the performance and slaughter characteristics of male broilers. South Journal of Animal Science, 39(3): 223-232. [DOI:10.4314/sajas.v39i3.49157]
9. Case, G.L., H. He-Mo and G.E. Elson.1995. Induction of geranyl pyrophosphate pyrophosphatase activity by cholesterol-suppressive isoprenoids. Lipids, 30: 357-359. [DOI:10.1007/BF02536045]
10. Choct, M. and G. Annison. 1990. Anti-nutritive activity of wheat pentosans in broiler diets. British Poultry Science, 30: 821-834. [DOI:10.1080/00071669008417312]
11. Cook, N.C. and S. Samman. 1996. Flavonoids-chemistry, metabolism, cardioprotective effects, and dietary sources. Journal of Nutrition Biochemistry, 7: 66-76. [DOI:10.1016/0955-2863(95)00168-9]
12. Cross, D.E., R.M. McDevitt, K. Hillman and T. Acamovic. 2007. The effect of herbs and their associated essential oils on performance, dietary digestibility and gut microflora in chickens from 7 to 28 days of age. British Poultry Science, 48: 496-506. [DOI:10.1080/00071660701463221]
13. Denli, M., F. Okan and A.M. Uluocak. 2004. Effect of dietary supplementation of herb essential oils on thegrowth performance carcass and intestinal characteristics of quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). South African Journal Animal Science, 34: 174-179.
14. Dikbas, N., R. Kotan, F. Dadasoglu and F. Sahin. 2008. Control of Aspergillus flavus with essential oil and methanol extract of Satureja hortensis: International Journal of Food Microbiology, 124(2): 179-182. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.03.034]
15. Elson, C.E. 1995. Suppression of mevalonate pathway activities by dietary isoprenoids: protective roles in cancer and cardiovascular disease. Journal of Nutrition, 125: 1666S-1672S.
16. Enberg, R.M., M.S. Hedemann, T.D. Leser and B.B. Jensen. 2000. Effect of zinc bacitracin and salinomycin on intestinal microflora and performance of broilers. Poultry Science, 79: 1311-1319. [DOI:10.1093/ps/79.9.1311]
17. Genedy-Salwa, G. and H.S. Zeweil. 2003. Evaluation of using medicinal plants as feed additives in growing Japanese quail diets. The 68th Scientific Conference of Polish Animal Production Society, 9-12 September 2003, Krakov, Poland.
18. Golian, A., M. Mazhari and M.M. Madaeni. 2008. Effect of free access to whole wheat, dietary wheat level and enzyme supplementation on broiler performance. Journal Animal and Veterinary, 7(3): 239-245.
19. Hajati, H., M. Rezaei and H. Sayyahzadeh. 2009. The effects of enzyme supplementation on performance, carcass characteristics and some blood parameters of broilers fed on corn- soybean meal-wheat diets. International Poultry Science, 8(12): 1199-1205. [DOI:10.3923/ijps.2009.1199.1205]
20. Herandez, F., J. Madrir and V. Garcia. 2004. Influence of two plant extracts on broiler performance, digestibility and digestive organ size. Poultry Science, 83: 169-174. [DOI:10.1093/ps/83.2.169]
21. Knudsen, K.E. 2001. The nutritional significant of dietary fiber analysis. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 90: 3-20. [DOI:10.1016/S0377-8401(01)00193-6]
22. Langhout, P. 2000. New additives for broiler chickens. World Poultry-Elsevier, 16(3): 22-27.
23. Lazaro, R., M. Garcia, P. Medel and G.G. Mateos. 2003. Influence of enzymes on performance and digestive parameters of broilers fed rye-based diets. Poultry Science, 82: 132-140. [DOI:10.1093/ps/82.1.132]
24. Lee, K.W., H. Everts, H.J. Kappert, M. Frehner, R. Losa and A.C. Beynen. 2003a. Effects of dietary essential oil components on growth performance, digestive enzymes and lipid metabolism in female broiler chickens. British Poultry Science, 44: 450-457. [DOI:10.1080/00071660301985]
25. Lee, K.W., H. Everts, HJ. Kappert, K.H. Yeom and A.C. Beynen. 2003b. Dietary carvacrol lowers body weight gain but improves feed conversion in female broiler chickens. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 12:394-399. [DOI:10.1093/japr/12.4.394]
26. Najafi, P. and M. Tork. 2010. Performance, blood metabolite and immune competence of broiler chicks fed diets included essential oils of medicinal plants. Journal Animal Veterinary Advances, 9: 1164-1168. [DOI:10.3923/javaa.2010.1164.1168]
27. National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient requirements of poultry. 9th revised edition. Academic Press, Washington, DC.
28. Nazifi, S. 1997. Hematology and clinical biochemistry of birds. First Edition. Shiraz University Publication, pp: 173-290 (In Persian).
29. Nobakht, A. and Y. Mehmannavaz. 2010. Investigation the effects of using of Thymus vulgaris, Lamiaceae menthapiperita, Oreganum valgar medicinal plants on performance, egg quality, blood and immunity parameters of laying hens. Iranian Journal of Animal Science, 41: 129-136 (In Persian).
30. Ocak, N., F. Erener, A.K. Burak, M. Sungu, A. Altop and A. Ozmen. 2008. Performance of broilers fed diets supplements with dry peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) or thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) leaves as growth promoter source. Czech. Journal Animal Science, 53(4): 169-175. [DOI:10.17221/373-CJAS]
31. Preston, C.M., K.J. McCraken and M.R. Bedford. 2001. Effect of wheat content, fat source and enzyme supplementation on diet metabolizability and broiler performance. British Poultry Science, 42: 625-632. [DOI:10.1080/00071660120088443]
32. Rao, R.R., K. Platel and K. Srinivasan. 2003. In vitro influence of spices and spice-active principles on digestive enzymes of rat pancreas and small intestine Nahrung, 47: 408-412. [DOI:10.1002/food.200390091]
33. Sarica, S, A. Ciftci, E. Demir, K. Kilinc and Y. Yıldırım. 2005. Use of an antibiotic growth promoter and two herbal natural feed additives with and without exogenous enzymes in wheat based broiler diets. South African Journal Animal Science, 35: 61-72. [DOI:10.4314/sajas.v35i1.4050]
34. SAS Institute. 2004. SAS User's Guide/Statistics. Version 9.1. Edn. SAS Institute Inc. Cary. NC.
35. Sefidkon, F., L. Sadeghzadeh, M. Teimouri, F. Asgari and Sh. Ahmadi. 2007. Antimicrobial effects of the essential oils of two Satureja species (S. khuzistanica jamzad and S. bachtiarica bunge) in two harvesting time. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 23(2): 174-182.
36. Skandamis, P.N. and G.J.E. Nychas. 2001. Effect oregano essential oil on microbiological and physic-chemical attributes of minced meat stored in air and modified atmospheres. Journal Applied Microbial, 91: 1011-1022. [DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01467.x]
37. Sturkie, P.D. 1995. Avian physiologhy. 4th ed. Springer Verlag. New York, pp: 115-270.
38. Thomke, S. and K. Elwinger.1998. Growth promotants in feeding pigs and poultry. II. Mode of action of antibiotic growth promotants. Annales de Zootechni, 47: 153-167. [DOI:10.1051/animres:19980301]
39. Tymorizade, Z., Sh. Rahimi and M. Karimi Thorshizi. 2010. The comparison of Virginymicin antibiotic and and three commercial plants extract on blood parameters in Ross broiler chickens. Abstract. 3rd Animal Science Conference. Mashhad, pp: 177 (In Persian).
40. Vicent, H.V. 2002. Carvacrol and thymol reduce swine waste odor and pathogens stability of oils. Curr. Microbial, 44: 38-43. [DOI:10.1007/s00284-001-0071-z]
41. Wenk, C. 2000. Why all the discussion about herbs? Proc. Alltech's 16th Ann. Symp. Biotechnol. In the Feed Industry. Ed. Lyons, T.P., Alltech Tech. Publ., Nottingham, University Press, Nicholasvile, KY. pp: 79-96.
42. Windisch, W., K. Schedle, C. Plitzner and A. Kroismayer. 2008. Use of phytogenetic products as feed additives for swine and poultry. Journal Animal Science, 86: 140-148. [DOI:10.2527/jas.2007-0459]
43. Yu, B.I. and T.K. Chung. 2014. Effects of multiple-enzyme mixtures on growth performance of broilers fed corn-soybean meal diets. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 13:178-182 [DOI:10.1093/japr/13.2.178]
44. Zarghi, H. and A. Golian. 2009. Effect of triticale replacement and enzyme supplementation on performance and blood chemistry of broiler chickens. Journal Animal and Veterinary, 8(7): 1316-1321.
45. Zhang, K.Y., F. Yan, C.A. Keen and P.W. Waldroup. 2005. Evaluation of microencapsulated essential oils and organic acids in diet for broiler chickens. International Journal Poultry Science, 4(9): 612-619. [DOI:10.3923/ijps.2005.612.619]
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |