Volume 15, Issue 43 (4-2024)
rap 2024, 15(43): 33-41 |
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rezai sarteshnizi F, Moharrery A. (2024). The Effect of Autoclaving Process on Pathogenic Microorganisms, Chemical Compounds, Activity of Various Enzymes and Mineral Concentration of Processed Ruminal Fluid. rap. 15(43), 33-41. doi:10.61186/rap.15.43.33
URL: http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-1377-en.html
URL: http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-1377-en.html
Shahrekord University
Abstract: (243 Views)
Extended Abstract
Introduction and Objective: Every day, a large amount of rumen fluid is discarded in Iranian slaughterhouses, which contains a large amount of microbial protein, volatile fatty acids (VFAs), enzymes, microorganisms, vitamins and minerals. On the other hand, it has a large amount of ammonia and phosphorus, which when disposed of in slaughterhouses, its nutrients enter the soil and waterways and cause environmental pollution. Therefore, it is important to find ways to continuously use rumen fluid. The benefits of recycling these wastes are primarily the reduction of environmental pollution and then the production of a feed source for ruminants. In order to destroy pathogenic microorganisms, rumen fluid can be autoclaved. It can also be dried to remove moisture. The spray drying method is a simple, fast and also an economical method to obtain powder from a solution or a liquid suspension (such as an enzyme suspension) and due to the short drying time and relatively low temperature, the spray drying method is It has been successfully used for heat sensitive materials. Because in the drying method, the materials are exposed to high temperature for a few seconds. Covering materials should be used, some carbohydrates, gums, proteins and chitosan are used. Polysaccharides such as maltodextrin are an excellent choice for carrier materials due to their stability, abundance in nature, and low price, and they protect sensitive compounds from the high temperature of the spray drying method. Therefore, this research was carried out with the aim of autoclaving and destroying pathogenic microorganisms on the chemical compounds, the activity of various enzymes, and essential and deficient mineral elements of rumen fluid dried by spray drying with 1% maltodextrin.
Material and Methods: Rumen fluid was taken from the slaughterhouse and after straining, it was autoclaved at 121°C for 40 minutes. In order to dry the rumen liquid, the spray drying method was used, and because in this method the liquid is exposed to high temperature for several seconds, maltodextrin was used. A fresh rumen fluid sample was dried with a spray dryer at an inlet temperature of 168 degrees Celsius, an outlet temperature of 85 degrees Celsius and an air flow of 8 liters per minute. A sample of rumen fluid was autoclaved at 121°C for 40 minutes and then dried with a spray dryer with inlet temperature of 172°C, outlet temperature of 85°C and air flow of 8 liters per minute. The other sample was dried by adding 1% (weight/volume) of maltodextrin with a spray dryer with an inlet temperature of 172 degrees Celsius, an outlet temperature of 85 degrees Celsius and an air flow of 8 liters per minute. The next sample was dried by adding 1% maltodextrin to autoclaved rumen liquid by spray drying method with inlet temperature of 168°C, outlet temperature of 79°C and air flow of 8 liters per minute. A fresh rumen fluid sample and autoclaved fresh rumen fluid were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. The treatments include 1) Fresh Rumen Fluid, 2) Autoclaved Fresh Rumen Fluid, 3) Fresh Rumen Fluid Dried by Spray Drying Method, 4) Fresh Rumen Fluid Autoclaved and Dried by Spray Drying Method, 5) Fresh rumen Fluid Dried by Spray Drying Method with 1% Maltodextrin and 6) Fresh Rumen Fluid Autoclaved and Dried by Spray Drying with 1% Maltodextrin.
Pathogenic microorganisms include: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, coliform, Staphylococcus aureus, non-aureus staphylococcus, Strep agalactiae, Strep obris, chemical compounds including: percentage of dry matter, protein, ether extract and ash and activity of various enzymes including: carboxy methylcellulase, microcrystalline cellulase (Avislase), alpha-amylase and enzyme activity of filter paper and the concentration of some mineral elements including: calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, silver, boron, barium, beryllium, cobalt, chromium, manganese, lead, strontium, zinc, lithium , iron, copper, aluminum and silicon were determined.
Results: The results showed that by autoclaving, the concentration of pathogenic microorganisms in the rumen fluid reached zero. The percentage of dry matter and the percentage of crude protein were the highest in the treatment of freshly autoclaved rumen liquid with spray drying method. Dried rumen fluid with 1% maltodextrin had the highest activity of polysaccharides degrading enzymes compared to fresh rumen fluid. The concentration of elements calcium, magnesium, silver, boron, barium, beryllium, cobalt, chromium, manganese, lead, strontium, zinc was the highest in rumen liquid dried by spray drying method (P<0.01). The concentration of phosphorus element was the highest by spray drying with the addition of 1% maltodextrin (P<0.01). The concentration of lithium element was the highest in autoclaved and dried rumen fluid with 1% maltodextrin (P<0.01). The concentration of iron, copper, aluminum and silicon elements was the highest in autoclaved and dried rumen liquid by spray drying method. Autoclaving killed pathogenic microorganisms and retained about 50% of the activity of various enzymes.
Conclusion: Based on the results of this research, it is recommended to autoclave the rumen fluid in order to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms along with drying by spray drying method.
Introduction and Objective: Every day, a large amount of rumen fluid is discarded in Iranian slaughterhouses, which contains a large amount of microbial protein, volatile fatty acids (VFAs), enzymes, microorganisms, vitamins and minerals. On the other hand, it has a large amount of ammonia and phosphorus, which when disposed of in slaughterhouses, its nutrients enter the soil and waterways and cause environmental pollution. Therefore, it is important to find ways to continuously use rumen fluid. The benefits of recycling these wastes are primarily the reduction of environmental pollution and then the production of a feed source for ruminants. In order to destroy pathogenic microorganisms, rumen fluid can be autoclaved. It can also be dried to remove moisture. The spray drying method is a simple, fast and also an economical method to obtain powder from a solution or a liquid suspension (such as an enzyme suspension) and due to the short drying time and relatively low temperature, the spray drying method is It has been successfully used for heat sensitive materials. Because in the drying method, the materials are exposed to high temperature for a few seconds. Covering materials should be used, some carbohydrates, gums, proteins and chitosan are used. Polysaccharides such as maltodextrin are an excellent choice for carrier materials due to their stability, abundance in nature, and low price, and they protect sensitive compounds from the high temperature of the spray drying method. Therefore, this research was carried out with the aim of autoclaving and destroying pathogenic microorganisms on the chemical compounds, the activity of various enzymes, and essential and deficient mineral elements of rumen fluid dried by spray drying with 1% maltodextrin.
Material and Methods: Rumen fluid was taken from the slaughterhouse and after straining, it was autoclaved at 121°C for 40 minutes. In order to dry the rumen liquid, the spray drying method was used, and because in this method the liquid is exposed to high temperature for several seconds, maltodextrin was used. A fresh rumen fluid sample was dried with a spray dryer at an inlet temperature of 168 degrees Celsius, an outlet temperature of 85 degrees Celsius and an air flow of 8 liters per minute. A sample of rumen fluid was autoclaved at 121°C for 40 minutes and then dried with a spray dryer with inlet temperature of 172°C, outlet temperature of 85°C and air flow of 8 liters per minute. The other sample was dried by adding 1% (weight/volume) of maltodextrin with a spray dryer with an inlet temperature of 172 degrees Celsius, an outlet temperature of 85 degrees Celsius and an air flow of 8 liters per minute. The next sample was dried by adding 1% maltodextrin to autoclaved rumen liquid by spray drying method with inlet temperature of 168°C, outlet temperature of 79°C and air flow of 8 liters per minute. A fresh rumen fluid sample and autoclaved fresh rumen fluid were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. The treatments include 1) Fresh Rumen Fluid, 2) Autoclaved Fresh Rumen Fluid, 3) Fresh Rumen Fluid Dried by Spray Drying Method, 4) Fresh Rumen Fluid Autoclaved and Dried by Spray Drying Method, 5) Fresh rumen Fluid Dried by Spray Drying Method with 1% Maltodextrin and 6) Fresh Rumen Fluid Autoclaved and Dried by Spray Drying with 1% Maltodextrin.
Pathogenic microorganisms include: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, coliform, Staphylococcus aureus, non-aureus staphylococcus, Strep agalactiae, Strep obris, chemical compounds including: percentage of dry matter, protein, ether extract and ash and activity of various enzymes including: carboxy methylcellulase, microcrystalline cellulase (Avislase), alpha-amylase and enzyme activity of filter paper and the concentration of some mineral elements including: calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, silver, boron, barium, beryllium, cobalt, chromium, manganese, lead, strontium, zinc, lithium , iron, copper, aluminum and silicon were determined.
Results: The results showed that by autoclaving, the concentration of pathogenic microorganisms in the rumen fluid reached zero. The percentage of dry matter and the percentage of crude protein were the highest in the treatment of freshly autoclaved rumen liquid with spray drying method. Dried rumen fluid with 1% maltodextrin had the highest activity of polysaccharides degrading enzymes compared to fresh rumen fluid. The concentration of elements calcium, magnesium, silver, boron, barium, beryllium, cobalt, chromium, manganese, lead, strontium, zinc was the highest in rumen liquid dried by spray drying method (P<0.01). The concentration of phosphorus element was the highest by spray drying with the addition of 1% maltodextrin (P<0.01). The concentration of lithium element was the highest in autoclaved and dried rumen fluid with 1% maltodextrin (P<0.01). The concentration of iron, copper, aluminum and silicon elements was the highest in autoclaved and dried rumen liquid by spray drying method. Autoclaving killed pathogenic microorganisms and retained about 50% of the activity of various enzymes.
Conclusion: Based on the results of this research, it is recommended to autoclave the rumen fluid in order to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms along with drying by spray drying method.
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
تغذیه نشخوارکنندگان
Received: 2023/04/13 | Revised: 2024/04/27 | Accepted: 2023/11/25 | Published: 2024/04/27
Received: 2023/04/13 | Revised: 2024/04/27 | Accepted: 2023/11/25 | Published: 2024/04/27
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